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34 results for “Canis latrans”
Fig. 5 in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 5. On the left, whole mounted Cryptocotyle lingua adult trematode stained with borax carmine (credit: Brent Wagner). On the right, distribution of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) infected with C. lingua in the Subarctic (samples (n) collected along James Bay and the St Lawrence estuary) and Humid Continental climate collected during winter 2016–2017 by trappers from Qu´ebec, Canada. Arrows indicate major waterways.
Fig. 2. A in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 2. A) Parasite genus richness in foxes (Vulpes vulpes, blue), coyotes (Canis latrans, orange), and wolves (Canis lupus, gray) from Qu´ebec, Canada, determined by gross examination and fecal flotation combined (N = 250). Fewer foxes were uninfected than coyotes (p = 0.006). More foxes were infected by two parasite genera than coyotes (p = 0.004). B) Parasite genus richness between Subarctic (yellow) and Humid Continental climate (green) in foxes from Qu´ebec, Canada, determined by gross examination and fecal flotation combined (N = 155). No significant difference in parasite genera was seen in foxes between Subarctic and Humid Continental climate regions. Parasites counted in both histograms were: diphyllobothriids (likely Dibothriocephalus spp.), Echinococcus spp., Taenia spp., Capillaria spp., Toxascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Uncinaria sp., Alaria sp., Cryptocotyle sp., and Metorchis sp. Parasites observed in both fecal and gross examination were only counted once. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 6 in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 6. Distribution of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), and wolves (Canis lupus) infected with Toxascaris leonina (left, N = 55) and Toxocara canis (right, N = 19) in the Subarctic and Humid Continental climate collected during winter 2016–2017 by hunters and trappers from Qu´ebec, Canada.
Fig. 1. K in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 1. K¨oppen climate regions and sampling distribution of foxes (Vulpes vulpes, N = 176), coyotes (Canis latrans, N = 77), and wolves (Canis lupus, N = 23) collected during winter 2016–2017 by hunters and trappers from Qu´ebec, Canada. Arrows indicate major waterways.
Fig. 4 in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 4. Mixed taeniid infections in the Humid Continental climate in coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) from Qu´ebec, Canada, following molecular analyses. Abbreviations on x-axis: E. can, Echinococcus canadensis; T. hyd, Taenia hydatigena; T. twi, T. twitchelli; T. kra, T. krabbei; T. pis, T. pisiformis-"like"; T. cra, T. crassiceps.
Fig. 3 in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada
Fig. 3. Neighbour-joining tree of Jukes-Cantor distances among sequences of CO1 (alignment 450 bp using all sites) from Alaria available on GenBank as of 7 July 2021. Data from Alaria americana, including data from the present study, indicated by darker shaded cluster and white font. Sequences from A. alata are HM022221-3, KF751233-4, KP123416-20, KP123422-5, KX962374, KX962392, KX962395, KX962397-8, KX962402, KX962406, KX962415, KX962421, KX962433, KX962437, KX962454-5, KX962471-2, KX962481, KX962491, KY012317, MT103215-31; from Alaria sp. in Argentina KF572949, MH892076, MT328804-6; from Alaria sp. in Wisconsin, USA KT223036; from A. americana MZ605217-33 (present study) and MH536507 (indicated with an asterisk).
Fig. 2. A in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 2. A) PCR positivity (indicated by color) of coyotes (Canis latrans) carcasses recovered (▴) in each county between 2015 and 2019. B) Map of southern California including Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties showing B. conradae PCR positivity (indicated by color) in each city where coyote carcasses were recovered. The number of coyotes sampled at each location is indicated by the size of the circle.
Fig. 3 in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Babesia positive coyotes (Canis latrans) collected in California from 2015 to 2019 with 7 different published reference sequences from other Babesia species for comparison. Scale bar represents percent of genetic variation along tree branches. Labels include coyote ID and location found. Alphanumeric values in parenthesis denote published GenBank sequence. Clades in <60% of bootstraps are collapsed.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 1. Base pair differences in a 70 base pair region of the 18S gene from Babesia conradae DNA sequences isolated from California coyotes (Canis latrans) splenic samples collected between 2015 and 2019 compared to published sequence available in GenBank.
Temporal data from camera trap captures of raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyote (Canis latrans) across urban-rural gradient Michigan 2015-2020
<p>Temporal data and trap success for raccoons (<em>Procyon lotor</em>) and coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) across an urban-rural gradient in Michigan, from 2015 to 2020. These data are associated with the article "Temporal refuges of a subordinate carnivore vary across rural-urban gradient" in the journal Ecology and Evolution. </p>
Temporal data from camera trap captures of raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyote (Canis latrans) across urban-rural gradient Michigan 2015-2020
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Data from: Using multiple scales of movement to highlight risk-reward strategies of coyotes (Canis latrans) in mixed-use landscapes
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Sevilleta site, station Sevilleta, study of animal density of Canis latrans in units of numberPerKilometerSquared on a quarterly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Sevilleta (SEV) contains animal density of Canis latrans measurements in numberPerKilometerSquared units and were aggregated to a quarterly timescale.
Sevilleta site, station Sevilleta, study of animal density of Canis latrans in units of numberPerKilometerSquared on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Sevilleta (SEV) contains animal density of Canis latrans measurements in numberPerKilometerSquared units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Data from: Demographic history influences spatial patterns of genetic diversity in recently expanded coyote (Canis latrans) populations
Human-mediated range expansions have increased in recent decades and represent unique opportunities to evaluate genetic outcomes of establishing peripheral populations across broad expansion fronts. Over the past century, coyotes (Canis latrans) have undergone a pervasive range expansion and now inhabit every state in the continental United States. Coyote expansion into eastern North America was facilitated by anthropogenic landscape changes and followed two broad expansion fronts. The northern expansion extended through the Great Lakes region and southern Canada, where hybridization with remnant wolf populations was common. The southern and more recent expansion front occurred approximately 40 years later and across territory where gray wolves have been historically absent and remnant red wolves were extirpated in the 1970s. We conducted a genetic survey at 10 microsatellite loci of 482 coyotes originating from 11 eastern U.S. states to address how divergent demographic histories influence geographic patterns of genetic diversity. We found that population structure corresponded to a north-south divide, which is consistent with the two known expansion routes. Additionally, we observed extremely high genetic diversity, which is atypical of recently expanded populations and is likely the result of multiple complex demographic processes, in addition to hybridization with other Canis species. Finally, we considered the transition of allele frequencies across geographic space and suggest the mid-Atlantic states of North Carolina and Virginia as an emerging contact zone between these two distinct coyote expansion fronts.
Data from: Mapping the expansion of coyotes (Canis latrans) across North and Central America
The geographic distribution of coyotes (Canis latrans) has dramatically expanded since 1900, spreading across much of North America in a period when most other mammal species have been declining. Although this considerable expansion has been well documented at the state/provincial scale, continent-wide descriptions of coyote spread have portrayed conflicting distributions for coyotes prior to the 1900s, with popularly referenced anecdotal accounts showing them restricted to the great plains, and more obscure, but data-rich accounts suggesting they ranged across the arid west. To provide a scientifically credible map of the coyote's historical range (10,000 – 300 BP) and describe their range expansion from 1900 to 2016, we synthesized archaeological and fossil records, museum specimens, peer-reviewed reports, and records from wildlife management agencies. Museum specimens confirm that coyotes have been present in the arid west and California throughout the Holocene, well before European colonization. Their range in the late 1800s was undistinguishable from earlier periods, and matched the distribution of non-forest habitat in the region. Coyote expansion began around 1900 as they moved north into taiga forests, east into deciduous forests, west into costal temperate rain forests, and south into tropical rainforests. Forest fragmentation and the extirpation of larger predators probably enabled these expansions. In addition, hybridization with wolves (C. lupus, C. lycaon, and/or C. rufus) and/or domestic dogs has been documented in the east, and suspected in the south. Our detailed account of the original range of coyotes and their subsequent expansion provides the core description of a large scale ecological experiment that can help us better understand the predator-prey interactions, as well as evolution through hybridization.
Data from: High genomic diversity and candidate genes under selection associated with range expansion in eastern coyote (Canis latrans) populations
Range expansion is a widespread biological process, with well described theoretical expectations for the genomic outcomes accompanying the colonization of novel ranges. However, comparatively few empirical studies address the genome-wide consequences associated with the range expansion process, particularly in recent or on-going expansions. Here, we assess two recent and distinct eastward expansion fronts of a highly mobile carnivore, the coyote (Canis latrans), to investigate patterns of genomic diversity and identify variants that may have been under selection during range expansion. Using a restriction enzyme assisted sequencing approach (RADseq), we genotyped 394 coyotes at 22,935 SNPs and found that overall population structure corresponded to their 19th century historical range and two distinct populations that expanded during the 20th century. Counter to theoretical expectations for populations to bottleneck during range expansions, we observed minimal evidence for decreased genomic diversity across coyotes sampled along either expansion front, which is likely due to hybridization with other Canis species. Furthermore, we identified 12 SNPs, located either within genes or putative regulatory regions, that were consistently associated with range expansion. Of these 12 genes, three (CACNA1C, ALK, and EPHA6) have putative functions related to dispersal, including habituation to novel environments and spatial learning, consistent with the expectations for traits under selection during range expansion. Although coyote colonization of eastern North America is well-publicized, this study provides novel insights by identifying genes associated with dispersal capabilities in coyotes on the two eastern expansion fronts.
Prey preferences of the coyote (Canis latrans) throughout its North American distribution
<p>The coyote <em>Canis latrans</em> is one of the most studied species in North America with at least 510 papers on its diet alone. While this research has yielded excellent reviews of what coyotes eat, it has been inadequate to draw deeper conclusions because no synthesis to date has considered prey availability. We accounted for prey availability by investigating the prey preferences of coyotes across the species' distribution using the traditional Jacobs' index method, as well as the new iterative preference averaging method on scats and biomass. We found that coyotes preferred Dall's sheep <em>Ovis dalli</em>, white-tailed deer <em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>, eastern cottontail rabbits <em>Sylvilagus floridanus</em> and California voles <em>Microtus californicus</em>, which yielded a predator to preferred prey ratio of 1:2. We also found that coyotes avoided preying on other small mammals, including carnivorans and arboreal species. There was strong concordance between the traditional and iterative preference averaging method on scats, but this pattern was not detected when biomass was considered. General linear models revealed coyotes preferred to prey upon larger species that were riskier to hunt, reflecting their ability to hunt in groups, and were least likely to hunt solitary species. Coyotes increasingly preferred mule deer <em>O. hemionus</em> and snowshoe hares<em> Lepus americanus</em> at higher latitudes, whereas black-tailed jackrabbit <em>Lepus californicus </em>were increasingly preferred towards the tropics. Mule deer were increasingly preferred at higher coyote densities, while black-tailed jackrabbit were increasingly avoided at higher coyote densities. Coyote predation could constrain the realized niche of prey species at the predator species' distributional limits through their increased efficiency of predation reflected in increased prey preference values. These results are integral to improved understandings of coyote ecology and can inform predictive analyses allowing for spatial variation, which ultimately will lead to better understandings about the coyote's ecological role across different ecosystems.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Hody JW, Kays R (2018) Mapping the expansion of coyotes (Canis latrans) across North and Central America. ZooKeys 759: 81-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.759.15149
Detailed list of references and data sources : Explanation note: List of references used to determine historical extent and regional first-occurrences of coyotes (Canis latrans) in North and Central America.
Data from: Intrinsic traits of woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou calves depredated by black bears Ursus americanus and coyotes Canis latrans
Individuals in substandard physical condition are predicted to be more vulnerable to predation. Support for this prediction is inconsistent partly as a result of differences across systems in the life histories of predator and prey species. Our objective was to examine the physical condition of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) calves depredated by two predators with different life histories in Newfoundland, Canada. Black bears (Ursus americanus) are capable of chasing calves at high speeds over short distances and primarily prey on calves <1 month of age. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are cursorial predators that pursue prey over longer distances, which is expected to result in the selection of substandard individuals. We hypothesized that (i) black bears will kill calves in substandard physical condition, while (ii) coyotes will kill calves from across the distribution of individual conditions. We used mitochondrial DNA species identification tests to assign predator species to calf mortalities. We then used molecular identifications and field observations to build a predictive model using generalized boosted trees to predict the predator species where a molecular identification was unavailable. We tested our hypotheses using Cox proportional hazards models under a competing risks framework. Bears killed younger calves and lighter calves, while coyotes killed heavier calves. Coyotes also killed more late-born calves, which might suggest prey switching as calves become more abundant later in the season. Our findings suggest that the physical constraints of predators play a greater role than predator hunting strategies in this system, but other processes are likely influential. The tendency for coyotes to kill heavier calves might result from sustained coyote predation over time, following the removal by black bears of lighter calves during their first month of age. This research illuminates the complexity of predator-prey interactions in Newfoundland and highlights an important source of variability for predator-prey systems.
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