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Fig. 4 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 4. | Faecal bacterial community profile of captive chimpanzees infected with Giardia duodenalis detected by rapid antigen test. (A) Relative abundance of colour coded bacterial phyla separated based on presence (+) or absence (‒) of Giardia using rapid antigen test (RAT). The sample identity is located at the bottom of the graph with two labels (C20, C3) shaded indicating samples that were found as Giardia positive by real-time PCR. (B) Alpha diversity based on observed OTU and Shannon's index plotted as box plot and evaluated using t-tests. (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 2D plot using first two principal components from Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix at the genus taxonomic levels. The clustering between Giardia positive (RAT+) and negative (RAT-) samples was tested using ANOSIM. (D) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) used plot of significant factors discriminating G. duodenalis positive from negative sample. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 3. | Faecal bacterial community profile of captive chimpanzees infected with Giardia duodenalis as detected by rapid antigen test and real-time PCR combined. (A) Relative abundance of colour coded bacterial phyla separated based on presence (+) or absence (‒) of Giardia. The sample identity is located at the bottom of the graph. (B) Alpha diversity based on observed OTU and Shannon's index plotted as box plot and evaluated using t-tests. (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 2D plot using first two principal components from Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix at the genus taxonomic levels. The clustering between Giardia positive (+) and negative (‒) samples was tested using ANOSIM. (D) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) used plot of significant factors discriminating G. duodenalis positive from negative sample. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 2. | Results of Giardia duodenalis rapid antigen test applied on faecal samples from chimpanzees. A positive result for the Giardia duodenalis rapid antigen test (RAT, Anigen Rapid Giardia AG Test Kit) is represented by the line in the 'T' position in the window along with the positive control line in the 'C' position.

Fig. 1 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 1. Captive chimpanzees and their enclosure in Sydney, Australia. (A) Main chimpanzee open air exhibit with multiple climbing structures. (B) View from the other direction showing entry to the indoor area at the end of the exhibit. (C) smaller exhibit with mesh covering and more climbing and sleeping structures. (D) Members of the chimpanzee troop at the Taronga Zoo.

publicMar 2025View details →

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Genetic diversity and the implications of captive rearing for a small population of Black‐tailed Godwits

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opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats

Supplementation of wild populations with captive-bred individuals is often ineffective for boosting long-term productivity of wild populations. On the other hand, it remains unknown whether supplementation can act to maintain life-history variation in natural habitats, which is also important for the long-term persistence of populations and species. Partial migration, in which both migratory and resident individuals are maintained in a population, is commonly found across animal taxa. However, human-induced habitat fragmentation continues to cause rapid decline in a migratory phenotype among many natural populations. By using field and hatchery experiments, we here demonstrated that while migrants and residents could be maintained in captive environments, few fish became migrants in natural streams in red-spotted masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae. Released captive-bred fish rarely reached the threshold body size necessary to become migrants in natural streams, presumably due to lower growth condition in natural than in captive environments. The decision to migrate is often considered a threshold trait in salmonids and other animal taxa. Our findings highlight the need for supplementation programs to acknowledge environmentally induced changes in life-history decisions for partially migratory species.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Genetic wealth, population health: major histocompatibility complex variation in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Across species, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is critical to individual disease resistance and, hence, to population health; however, MHC diversity can be reduced in small, fragmented, or isolated populations. Given the need for comparative studies of functional genetic diversity, we investigated whether MHC diversity differs between populations which are open, that is experiencing gene flow, versus populations which are closed, that is isolated from other populations. Using the endangered ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) as a model, we compared two populations under long-term study: a relatively "open," wild population (n = 180) derived from Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar (2003–2013) and a "closed," captive population (n = 121) derived from the Duke Lemur Center (DLC, 1980–2013) and from the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Zoos (2012). For all animals, we assessed MHC-DRB diversity and, across populations, we compared the number of unique MHC-DRB alleles and their distributions. Wild individuals possessed more MHC-DRB alleles than did captive individuals, and overall, the wild population had more unique MHC-DRB alleles that were more evenly distributed than did the captive population. Despite management efforts to maintain or increase genetic diversity in the DLC population, MHC diversity remained static from 1980 to 2010. Since 2010, however, captive-breeding efforts resulted in the MHC diversity of offspring increasing to a level commensurate with that found in wild individuals. Therefore, loss of genetic diversity in lemurs, owing to small founder populations or reduced gene flow, can be mitigated by managed breeding efforts. Quantifying MHC diversity within individuals and between populations is the necessary first step to identifying potential improvements to captive management and conservation plans.

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Figure 2 in Comparative analysis of brain in relation to the body length and weight of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in captive (hatchery) and wild (river system) populations

Figure 2. brain of common carps in wild environment.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

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Figure 1 in Comparative analysis of brain in relation to the body length and weight of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in captive (hatchery) and wild (river system) populations

Figure 1. brain of common carps in captive environment.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

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Source population and time spent in captivity affect survival and reproduction of long-distance translocated northern bobwhites

Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have become a species of great conservation priority because of widespread and ongoing population declines. Long-distance translocations are becoming increasingly used to access a source population with densities high enough to support translocation. Two key uncertainties exist regarding the efficacy of long-distance translocations: choosing a source population with adaptations that will be successful in a novel environment and mitigating the stress response common during the translocation process. We translocated bobwhites from the South Texas Plains and the Floridian Coastal Plain to a recipient site in the Floridian Coastal Plain in 2021 and 2022 to compare the survival and productivity of bobwhites translocated from two different source populations. We also evaluated how varying holding times during the translocation process influenced the success of the translocated individuals. Breeding season survival, nest propensity, and fecundity were greater for Florida resident and Florida translocated bobwhites relative to Texas translocated bobwhites. We observed high rates of mortality during the transport and holding processes, but holding time did not affect breeding season survival of Texas translocated bobwhites. Both nest success and fecundity of Texas translocated bobwhites were negatively affected by holding time. Bobwhites translocated long distances may have the adaptive capacity to be successful in novel environments, but the consequences of translocation stress can be detrimental. Future translocation planning should consider choosing source populations from similar ecoregions to simultaneously decrease translocation distances and potential stress from translocation.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

publicJul 2018View details →

Data from: Genetic wealth, population health: major histocompatibility complex variation in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

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publicDec 2020View details →

Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats

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opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Predictive genetic plan for a captive population of the Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus) and prescriptive action for ex situ and in situ conservation management in Thailand

Captive breeding programs for endangered species can increase population numbers for eventual reintroduction to the wild. Captive populations are typically small and isolated, which results in inbreeding and reduction of genetic variability, and may lead to an increased risk of extinction. The Omkoi Wildlife Breeding Center maintains the only Thai captive Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus) population, and has plans to reintroduce individuals into natural isolated populations. Genetic variability was assessed within the captive population using microsatellite data. Although no bottleneck was observed, genetic variability was low (allelic richness = 7.091 ± 0.756, He = 0.455 ± 0.219; He < Ho) and 11 microsatellite loci were informative that likely reflect inbreeding. Estimates of small effective population size and limited numbers of founders, combined with wild-born individuals within subpopulations, tend to cause reduction of genetic variability over time in captive programs. This leads to low reproductive fitness and limited ability to adapt to environmental change, thereby increasing the risk of extinction. Management of captive populations as evolutionarily significant units with diverse genetic backgrounds offers an effective strategy for population recovery. Relocation of individuals among subpopulations, or introduction of newly captured wild individuals into the captive program will help to ensure the future security of Chinese goral. Implications for future conservation actions for the species are discussed herein.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: The impacts of inbreeding, drift, and selection on genetic diversity in captive breeding populations

The goal of captive breeding programs is often to maintain genetic diversity until reintroductions can occur. However, due in part to changes that occur in captive populations, approximately one-third of reintroductions fail. We evaluated genetic changes in captive populations using microsatellites and mtDNA. We analyzed six populations of white-footed mice that were propagated for 20 generations using two replicates of three protocols: random mating (RAN), minimizing mean kinship (MK), and selection for docility (DOC). We found that MK resulted in the slowest loss of microsatellite genetic diversity compared to RAN and DOC. However, the loss of mtDNA haplotypes was not consistent among replicate lines. We compared our empirical data to simulated data and found no evidence of selection in the MK lines although some evidence of selection in the RAN lines was present. Our results suggest that although the effects of drift may not be fully mitigated, MK reduces the loss of alleles due to inbreeding more effectively than random mating or docility selection. Therefore, MK should be preferred for captive breeding. Furthermore, our simulations show that incorporating microsatellite data into the MK framework reduced the magnitude of drift, which may have applications in long-term or extremely genetically depauperate captive populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Are shy individuals less behaviorally variable? Insights from a captive population of mouse lemurs

Increasingly, individual variation in personality has become a focus of behavioral research in animal systems. Boldness and shyness, often quantified as the tendency to explore novel situations, are seen as personality traits important to the fitness landscape of individuals. Here we tested for individual differences within and across contexts in behavioral responses of captive mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) to novel objects, novel foods, and handling. We report consistent differences in behavioral responses for objects and handling. We also found that the responses to handling and novel objects were correlated and repeatable. Lastly, we show that shyer individuals may show less variability in their behavioral responses. This study provides new information on the potential for behavioral syndromes in this species and highlights differences in the degree to which behavioral types (e.g., shy/bold) vary in their behavioral responses.