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Fig. 13 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 13. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Three−dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocraniuim and associated venous structures in dorsal (A) and right lateral (B) views. Venous structures are shown in black.

Fig. 14 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 14. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Summary three−dimensional digital reconstruction featuring the skull overlay in grey, endocranium in violet, inner ear in yellow, pneumatic sinuses in light blue, and venous sinuses in red, in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 8 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 8. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Axial T1 Gradient echo MRI of showing branches of trigeminal nerve. A. Maxillary and mandibular branch trigeminal foramen in posterior orbit. Pneumatized bone of the skull base is black. B. V1 ascending the floor of the endocranium. C. Optic nerves (II) just distal to the optic chiasm and V1 in the posterior orbital wall. D. V1 at the orbital apex on left and entering the orbit on the right. All sections are in the same scale.

Fig. 10 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 10. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the olfactory zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 6 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 6. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–C. Computed tomograms of the trigeminal zone. D. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections. Images A through C progress from caudal to rostral. The posterior margin of the common trigeminal foramen would have held the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve (V2/3) while the ophthalmic branch (V1) would have traveled rostrally.

Fig. 4 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 4. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–E. Computed tomograms of the otic zone. F. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections.

Fig. 2 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 2. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the occipital zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 12 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 12. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Coronal oblique CT image of the head, showing the relationship of the caudal nasal septal ridge along the ventral vomer to the adjacent caudal portion of the middle concha. The concavity of the septum mirrors the curve of the concha.

Fig. 5 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 5. Three dimensional reconstruction of the inner ear of Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1) in lateral (A), anterior (B), and dorsal (C) views. An arrowhead points to a reconstruction artifact at junction of anterior semicircular canal and utricle. D. A stereopair in the dorsolateral view.

Fig. 3. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 3. A. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic), computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view with superimposed digital endocast (dark outline). The occipitofrontal angle is 98°. B. Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 294, Cleveland−Lloyd Quarry, Morrison Formation, Jurassic) endocranial cast (from Rogers 1998). Matrix below the semicircular canals in an oval white outline represents epipharyngeal pneumatic sinuses and is not part of the endocranium. Note that endocast of Ceratosaurus is straighter than in Allosaurus.

Fig. 11 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 11. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Three−dimensional virtual rendering of the preserved pneumatic sinuses in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 9. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 9. A. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent), optic/pituitary zone; A1, axial T2 weighted MRI, showing the optic chiasm in interorbital foramen; A2, sagittal T2 weighted MR1 of the same specimen, showing the optic chiasm within the interorbital fenestrum. B. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic); B1, computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view, with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections through optic/pituitary zone; B2–B4, sections through optic/pituitary zone that progress from caudal to rostral.

Fig. 7 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 7. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent). Coronal T2 weighted fast spin echo MRI of showing branches of the trigeminal nerve. The images progress from caudal to rostral. A. The caudalmost slice shows the trigeminal ganglion and the large mandibular branch (V3) entering the jaw muscle complex. B. Proximal maxillary branch (V2) exiting skull at apex of pterygoid space while the proximal ophthalmic branch (V1) travels towards the orbit inside the skull. C. V1 in the roof of the cavernous sinus, V2 outside the skull and prior to entering the posterior orbital floor next to the recurrent loop of the internal carotid artery. This section of the carotid artery is proximal to the anterior and posterior encephalic arteries (Burda 1969). D. V2 traversing the floor of the orbit before entering the snout. All sections are in the same scale.

text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e).

text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 10. Maxillae of a sauropodomorph (a) and two theropods (b-c) in left lateral view to illustrate the character states of characters 11, 12 and 86. a, Plateosaurus sp., left maxilla (GPIT Skelett 1). B, Ceratosaurus sp., left maxilla (UUVP VP 5278). c, Gorgosaurus libratus, right maxilla (reversed; ROM 1247). Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g).

text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b).

text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e).

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Fig. 1 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 1. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Specimen photographs of the braincase in posterior (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C), right lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views.