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198 results for “Character states”
Assessing Plant Phenological Character Displacement Across the Eastern United States Since 1895
Reproductive character displacement has long been hypothesized to be a key determinant of speciation and co-existence in flowering plants. A central tenet of this hypothesis is that reproductive traits of close relatives growing in sympatry diverge more than they do where close relatives do not grow together. However, this idea remains untested across taxa and at large spatial scales. Here, we use data collected from tens of thousands of herbarium specimens to examine evidence for character displacement in flowering time for 91 closely-related pairs of animal-pollinated angiosperm species in the eastern USA. We see no evidence for overall phenological divergence in sympatry across regions, clades, or life histories. Rather our results indicate widespread convergence of flowering times in sympatry for species pairs that generally tend to flower close in time. We also find that climate change could alter the nature of these convergent flowering events by shifting them further apart in a majority species pair comparisons. Specifically, congeneric species in New England and the Atlantic Coastal Plain are projected to flower 2–4 days further apart, on average, by the mid-21st century as warming temperatures drive species-specific phenological shifts within genera. This may have significant consequences for species interactions and gene flow, especially if current sympatric convergence in flowering times has resulted from facilitative interactions between species.
Figures 10–15. Stenotothorax spp. characters. 10–14 in New species of Stenotothorax Schmidt from the northwestern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)
Figures 10–15. Stenotothorax spp. characters. 10–14) Stenotothorax pronotal and elytral bases. 10) S. niviviator, complete pronotal marginal bead, rounded strial margin. 11) S. odontomonteus, reduced pronotal marginal bead, rounded strial margin (inset shows cross section of rounded margin). 12) S. lahontanensis, pronotal marginal bead absent, sharply edged strial margin. 13) S. winnemucca, pronotal marginal bead absent, sharply edged strial margin. 14) S. wintoni, pronotal marginal bead absent, sharply edged strial margin, note striae also wider towards base (inset shows cross section of sharp edge). 15) S. wintoni, fused elytra removed exposing strap-like hind wings.
Figures 1–9. Stenotothorax spp. characters. 1–2 in New species of Stenotothorax Schmidt from the northwestern United States (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)
Figures 1–9. Stenotothorax spp. characters. 1–2) Extreme age-related wear on Stenotothorax spp.; note lack of clypeal teeth, smoothing and dulling of clypeal surface granulations, and reduction of protibiae. 1) S. wintoni. 2) S. schneppi. 3) Deformity on a S. woodleyi, note apparent tubercle is not centered on head. 4–9) Stenotothorax species heads. 4) S. niviviator. 5) S. odontomonteus. 6) S. nevadensis (Nevada, Washoe Co., Washoe Lake). 7) S. winnemucca. 8) S. lahontanensis, narrow head. 9) S. wintoni, broad head.
Figure 17a–g. Character state images. a in DELTA for Beginners. An introduction into the taxonomy software package DELTA
Figure 17a–g. Character state images. a the Images tab in the Character editor b Settings allow the selection of the path to the image directory and font details for the overlays c Display shows the selected image file in a window with the character and overlay boxes d feature text of the character e Hotspot selection box f character state overlay box g Cancel box. Th ese overlays are used in Intkey.
Fig. 2 in The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Fig. 2. Trichopsomyia pilosa sp. nov., male genitalia, holotype (NHMUK 010864268). A. Lateral view. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Apical part of hypandrium, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 1 in The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Fig. 1. Trichopsomyia pilosa sp. nov. A. Habitus, lateral view, holotype ♂ (NHMUK 010864268). B. Habitus, dorsal view, paratype ♂ (NHMUK 010864266). C. Head, dorsal view, paratype ♂ (NHMUK 010864266). D. Antenna, lateral view, holotype ♂ (NHMUK 010864268). E. Metaleg, frontal view, paratype ♂ (JSA). Scale bars: A–C, E = 1.0 mm; D = 0.5 mm.
Text-fig. 9. Phylogenetic tree indicating the number of required character state changes (steps) under parsimony for various positions of Miranthus gen. nov. in a molecular based backbone tree (see material and methods for additional details). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 9. Phylogenetic tree indicating the number of required character state changes (steps) under parsimony for various positions of Miranthus gen. nov. in a molecular based backbone tree (see material and methods for additional details).
FIGURE 8 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 8. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (cos2) of each tracheal characteristic. Vmm2= vessels per square millimeter; VD= mean vessel diameter; VL= mean vessel length; VG= mean vessel grouping; BAR= mean number of bars per perforation plate; T= tracheid proportion; SE= proportion of helical sculpture (latewood+early wood proportions); GR= growing rings; MESO= mesomorphy index.
FIGURE 6 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 6. Distance dendogram displaying the comparison of the tracheal elements of the Tehuacán Fm. paleoflora with extant communities, fossil ones and Southern California ecological categories in the tracheal elements comparison. *Fossil paleofloras.
FIGURE 5 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 5. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (cos2) of each anatomical character. (X1) Growth rings, (X2) Vessel grouping, (X3) Vessel frequency, (X4) Vessel diameter, (X5) Vessel wall thickness, (X6) Helical sculpture, (X7) Intervascular pit aperture diameter, (X8) Alternate intervessel pits, (X9) Opposite intervessel pits, (X10) Scalariform intervessel pits, (X11) Simple perforation plates, (X12) Scalariform perforation plates, (X13) Fibre Wall thickness, (X14) Fibre lumen diameter, (X15) Tracheids, (X16) Fibrotracheids, (X17) Libriform fibres, (X18) Parenchyma diffuse in aggregates, (X19) Vasicentric parenchyma, (X20) Aliform parenchyma, (X21) Apotracheal parenchyma bands, (X22) Concentric parenchyma bands, (X23) Marginal parenchyma, (X24) Height of uniseriate ray (µm), (X25) Height of uniseriate ray (Nº cells), (X26) Percentage of uniseriate rays, (X27) Exclusively uniseriate rays, (X28) Width of multiseriate ray (µm), (X29) Width of multiseriate ray (Nº cells), (X30) Length of uniseriate extensions (µm), (X31) Length of uniseriate extensions (Nº cells), (X32) Storied structure, (X33) Heterocellular rays, (X34) Homocellular rays.
FIGURE 3 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 3. Distance dendogram showing the anatomical similarity between extant communities, fossil ones and the Tehuacán Fm. paleoflora. *Fossil paleofloras.
FIGURE 7 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 7. Projection of the first two principal components that displays the contribution (contrib) and spatial position of each communities within the PCA.
FIGURE 4 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 4. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (contrib) and spatial position of each community within the PCA.
FIGURE 2 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters
FIGURE 2. Morpho-anatomic diversity of the paleoflora of the Tehuacán Fm. - A: Morphotype 2. Diffuse porosity with solitary and aggregates of vessels (2-3) with tylosis (TS). - B: Morphotype 16. Diffuse porosity with solitary and aggregate vessels (2), vasicentric and banded parenchyma bands (white arrows) (TS). - C: Morphotype 6. Detail of solitary and aggregate vessel elements with dark contents, thick walls and parenchyma bands (TS). - D: Morphotype 12. Long and wide vessel elements and multiseriate rays (RSL). - E: Morphotype 1. Vessel elements with alternate intervascular pits (RSL). - F: Morphotype 4. Short and wide vessel elements with alternating intervascular pits (TSL). - G: Morphotype 3. Biseriate rays (TSL). -H: Morphotype 19. Multiseriate rays and abundant axial parenchyma (TSL). - I: Morphotype 14. Rays mostly biseriate, some uniseriate (white arrows). Scale bar: 250 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G, H, I; 50 µm in F.
Chronogram or phylogram for ancestral state estimation? Model-fit statistics indicate the branch lengths underlying a binary character's evolution: R scripts and simulated trees
<p>All R scripts used in this study, and the set of simulated phylogenetic trees used in the study.</p> <p>1. Modern methods of ancestral state estimation (ASE) incorporate branch length information, and it has been demonstrated that ASEs are more accurate when conducted on the branch lengths most correlated with a character's evolution; however, a reliable method for choosing between alternate branch length sets for discrete characters has not yet been proposed.<br><br>2. In this study, we simulate paired chronograms and phylograms, and generate binary characters that evolve in correlation with one of these. We then investigate (1) the effect of alternate branch lengths on ASE error, and (2) whether phylogenetic signal statistics and/or model-fit statistic can be used to select the branch lengths most correlated with a binary character.<br><br>3. In agreement with previous studies, we find that ASEs are more accurate when conducted on the branch lengths most correlated with the character. Phylogenetic signal statistics show limited utility for selecting the correct branch lengths, but model-fit statistics are found to be more accurate, with the correct branch lengths generally returning greater model-fit (lower AICc and BIC values). Using this method to choose between alternate branch length sets is more accurate when tree and character properties are more favorable for model optimization, and when shape differences between alternate phylogenies are greater.<br><br>4. Our results indicate that researchers conducting ASEs on discrete characters should carefully consider which branch lengths are appropriate, and, in the absence of other evidence, we suggest estimating model-fit values over alternate branch length sets and evolutionary models and choosing the branch length/model combination that returns better model fit.</p>
FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia
FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D: QM F42665, holotype of Ultrastenos willisi. A, B, Right temporal fragment in dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). C, D, ventral portion of braincase (with attached, displaced fragment of right pterygoid) in right lateral view (C) and occipital view (D). E-H: QM F31075, 'WH Cranial Form 1'. E, F, right temporal region in dorsal view (E) and lateral view (F). G, H, ventral portion of braincase in right lateral view (G) and occipital view (H). Numbered character states: 1, distance from the ventrolateral tip of the paroccipital process to the dorsal margin of the quadrate condyle is less than the transverse width of the quadrate condyle (shown by rectangular bracket); 2, short posterolateral process of the squamosal descends at an angle steeper than 65⁰; 3, parabasisphenoid-pterygoid suture recessed within a sulcus; 4, enlarged sagittal, ventral keel of the basioccipital prominent in lateral view; 5, otoccipital-basioccipital suture (marked with red line) fails to cross the synovial surface of the occipital condyle. Scale bars equal 20 mm.
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.
Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1). in Revision Of The Cyprinids From The Early Oligocene Of The České Středohoří Mountains, And The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Protothymallus Laube, 1901 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae)
Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1).
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2, cephalic amplexus (anthonyi, AMNH live exhibit) shown in anterior (A) and lateral (B) aspects.
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1, present (fraterdanieli, specimens at UVC). This male nurse frog was transporting 12 tadpoles.
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