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26 results for “Chlorophyceae”
Figure 4 in Morphology, molecular phylogeny and biomass evaluation of Desmodesmus abundans (Scenedesmaceae-Chlorophyceae) from Brazil
Figure 4. Phylogenetic analysis of Desmodesmus species by Bayesian inference using ITS sequences. Posteriori probability values are left from nodes.
Figure 2 in Morphology, molecular phylogeny and biomass evaluation of Desmodesmus abundans (Scenedesmaceae-Chlorophyceae) from Brazil
Figure 2. Lipids and carbohydrate production of D. abundans LGMM0013 andT.obliquus LGMM0001 under autotrophic conditions after 22 days. Bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 1 in Morphology, molecular phylogeny and biomass evaluation of Desmodesmus abundans (Scenedesmaceae-Chlorophyceae) from Brazil
Figure 1. Growth comparison in autotrophic conditions between D. abundans LGMM0013 and T. obliquus LGMM0001 by dry biomass production. Bars indicate standard deviation.
FIGURES 13–18 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURES 13–18. Transmission electron microscopy of Nephrocytium limneticum (13–15) and Nephrocytium agardhianum (16–18). 13,15. Longitudinal section of a cell, showing the undulated surface of cell wall. 14,17. Cells within the mother cell wall, showing the presence of the pyrenoid and the smooth mother cell wall. 15,18. Details of cell wall. (CW=cell wall, MCW=mother cell wall, P=pyrenoid, St=starch sheath, S=starch grains, t=thylakoids). Scale bar 2 μm (13–14, 16–17), 0.5 μm (15), 0.2 μm (18).
FIGURE 19 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic tree inferred using concatenated genes of 18S rDNA, rbcL and tufA cpDNA, along with sequences of additional taxa of Sphaeropleales. Bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML, constructed by PAUP), Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities and bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML, constructed by RAxML) are presented on the nodes, in that order. Values above 0.5 for BI and 50 for ML are shown.
FIGURES 1–12 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURES 1–12. Light microscopy of Nephrocytium limneticum cultured (1–6), and Nephrocytium agardhianum in the field (7), and cultured (8–12). 1. Young cells in colony. 2. Old cells in colony. 3. Autospores in sporangium. 4. Autofluorescence showing the shape of chloroplasts. 5. Negative stain by ink showing the mucilage envelope. 6. Sporangia in colony. 7 Colony in the field habit. 8. Young cells in colony. 9. Old cells in colony. 10. Autofluorescence showing the shape of chloroplasts. 11. Negative stain by ink showing the mucilage envelope. 12. Autospores in a sporangium. Scale bar 10 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Ataktogamous green microalgae of the genus Chlorosarcinopsis Herndon (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Zabaikalskiy region (Russia)
FIGURE 4. Transmission electron micrographs of vegetative cells Chlorosarcinopsis sp. IRK–A 64. 1. One-layered cell wall, chloroplast lobes and a parietal dividing nucleus. Golgi body is marked by asterisk. 2. Cell fragment with double-layered cell wall and dark bodies (white arrows) under plasmalemma. 3. Vegetative cell with a distinct pyrenoid body covered by massive starch envelope. Small black arrows indicate the mitochondria, as in fig. 4. 4. Chloroplast thylakoids entering pyrenoid body. Plastoglobules showed by white arrowheads, as in fig. 6. 5. Cell with a number of dark (probably oil) bodies (white arrows). 6. The cell part fragment at the level of pyrenoid tip. Abbreviations: CL—chloroplast lobe; CW—cell wall; ER—endoplasmic reticulum; Nu—nucleus; Py—pyrenoid; St—starch; StE— starch envelope; T—thylakoid band; V—vacuole. Scale bars figs 1, 3, 5 = 1μm; fig 2 = 200 nm; figs 4, 6 = 500 nm.
FIGURE 3 in Ataktogamous green microalgae of the genus Chlorosarcinopsis Herndon (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Zabaikalskiy region (Russia)
FIGURE 3. Reproduction of Chlorosarcinopsis sp. IRK–A 64 and morphology of the motile reproductive cells. A. Zoosporangia. B. Liberation of zoospores from zoosporangia. C, D. Zoospores. E. Gametangia. F. Gametes at the beginning of the apical isogamy. G. Zygote and planozygote, produced by basal plasmogamy, and gametes in beginning of copulation. H. Planozygotes, produced by isogamy and anisogamy. I, J. Planozygote, produced by copulation of two (I) and three gametes (J). K. Planozygote with a highly elongated basal end. L. Rounded motile reproductive cells. Scale bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Ataktogamous green microalgae of the genus Chlorosarcinopsis Herndon (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Zabaikalskiy region (Russia)
FIGURE 2. Morphology of old cell packages and unicells Chlorosarcinopsis sp. IRK–A 64. A–C. Vegetative cells in cell packages with spongiomorph chloroplast. D–F. The cell wall of old cells in cell packages. G. Unipolar thickening of the cell wall. H, I. The akinete-like cells with sculptured cell wall. Scale bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1. A–F in Ataktogamous green microalgae of the genus Chlorosarcinopsis Herndon (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Zabaikalskiy region (Russia)
FIGURE 1. A–F. Morphology of Chlorosarcinopsis sp. IRK–A 64 in cultures of different ages in 3N BBM (1.2–1.5% agar). A–D. Cell packages and unicells focused on the pyrenoid structure, the shape of chloroplast and on the shape of the cells. E. Cells in the cell packages with highly dissected chloroplast and motile reproductive cells. F. Old cell packages. Scale bars in A–E = 10 μm, in F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae): a new genus of green algae from gray forest soil, Russia
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the ITS2 secondary structures of Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris ACSSI 023 (core structure) and Spongiochloris spongiosa SAG 2469. The CBCs are noted in boxes, CBCs of the conserved regions are marked with arrows, characteristic motifs at the apex of helix III ITS2 are underlined.
FIGURE 3 in Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae): a new genus of green algae from gray forest soil, Russia
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences data demonstrating position of Spongiosarcinopsis gen. nov. within the family Protosiphonaceae. The tree is based on Bayesian topology. The support values are given for Bayesian posterior probabilities, and maximum likelihood (BI/ML). The cut-off values for probability and bootstrap are 0.5 and 50%, respectively. Hyphen (-) indicates unsupported node. Our reference strain ACSSI 023 (MF687231) is printed in bold. Black circles indicate which sequences originate from terrestrial (aerophytic/soil), white circles indicate which ones are from aquatic habitats (freshwater), gray circles indicate missing information.
FIGURE 2 in Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae): a new genus of green algae from gray forest soil, Russia
FIGURE 2. TEM images of Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris, strain ACSSI 023. A. Single young ellipsoidal cell just derived from a zoospore or aplanospore. B. Single young sphaerical vegetative cell. Each young cell possess a chloroplast with one pyrenoid covered by a starch envelope. C. Single mature vegetative cell with a chloroplast containing three pyrenoids, each covered with numerous starch plates. D. Thick cell-walled mature cells combined into a diad resulting from desmoschisis. In addition to starch plates around pyrenoids, smaller starch grains are distributed in the chloroplast stroma. E, F Aplanosporangia containing aplanospores covered by thin cell walls. G. Released aplanospores. A = aplanospore; C = chloroplast, N = nucleus, P = pyrenoid, S = starch grains in the chloroplast stroma; SE = starch envelope of the pyrenoid, V = vacuole, W = cell wall. Arrows indicate thylakoids penetrating into the pyrenoid matrix. Scale bar is 1 μm for A–C and 2 μm for D–G.
FIGURE 1 in Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae): a new genus of green algae from gray forest soil, Russia
FIGURE 1. LM micrographs of Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris, strain ACSSI 023. A. Young vegetative cells derived from zoospores. B. Spherical cell in actively growing culture. C. Aplanospores and aplanosporangium. D, E. Mature vegetative cells arranged in diad and tetrad aggregation in 3-month-old cultures. F. Akinetes and the accumulation of secondary carotenoids, which were detected by changes in the color of the algal mass to orange in old cultures (7 months). Scale = 10 μm.
Data from: Organellar phylogenomics inform systematics in the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Chlorophyceae) and provide clues to the complex evolutionary history of plastid genomes in the green algal Tree of Life.
Premise of the study: Phylogenomic analyses across the green algae are resolving relationships at the class, order and family levels, and highlighting dynamic patterns of evolution in organellar genomes. Here we present a within-family phylogenomic study to resolve genera and species relationships in the family Hydrodictyaceae (Chlorophyceae), for which poor resolution in previous phylogenetic studies, along with divergent morphological traits, have precluded taxonomic revisions. Methods: Complete plastome sequences and mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences were acquired from representatives of the Hydrodictyaceae using Next-Generation sequencing methods. Plastomes were characterized and gene order and content were compared with plastomes spanning the Sphaeropleales. Single-gene and concatenated-gene phylogenetic analyses of plastid and mitochondrial genes were performed. Key results: The Hydrodictyaceae contain the largest sphaeroplealean plastomes thus far fully sequenced. Conservation of plastome gene order within Hydrodictyaceae is striking compared with more dynamic patterns revealed across Sphaeropleales. Phylogenetic analyses resolve Hydrodictyon sister to a monophyletic Pediastrum, though the morphologically distinct P. angulosum and P. duplex continue to be polyphyletic. Analyses of plastid data supported the neochloridacean genus Chlorotetraëdron as sister to Hydrodictyaceae, while conflicting signal was found in the mitochondrial data. Conclusions: A phylogenomic approach resolved within-family relationships not obtainable with previous phylogenetic analyses. Denser taxon sampling across Sphaeropleales is necessary to capture patterns in plastome evolution, and further taxa and studies are needed to fully resolve sister lineage to Hydrodictyaceae and polyphyly of Pediastrum angulosum and P. duplex.
Data from: Chloroplast phylogenomic data from the green algal order Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) reveal complex patterns of sequence evolution
Chloroplast sequence data are widely used to infer phylogenies of plants and algae. With the increasing availability of complete chloroplast genome sequences, the opportunity arises to resolve ancient divergences that were heretofore problematic. On the flip side, properly analyzing large multi-gene data sets can be a major challenge, as these data may be riddled with systematic biases and conflicting signals. Our study contributes new data from nine complete and four fragmentary chloroplast genome sequences across the green algal order Sphaeropleales. Our phylogenetic analyses of a 56-gene data set show that analyzing these data on a nucleotide level yields a well-supported phylogeny – yet one that is quite different from a corresponding amino acid analysis. We offer some possible explanations for this conflict through a range of analyses of modified data sets. In addition, we characterize the newly sequenced genomes in terms of their structure and content, thereby further contributing to the knowledge of chloroplast genome evolution.
Figure 3 in Morphology, molecular phylogeny and biomass evaluation of Desmodesmus abundans (Scenedesmaceae-Chlorophyceae) from Brazil
Figure 3. Morphology of D. abundans LGMM0013 by optical microscopy (A-C) and scanning electron microscopy (D-F). From A to C scale bar (black) equivalent to 10 Μm. A: single cell. B: Coenobium with two cells. C: Coenobium with four cells. From D to F scale bar equivalent to 5 Μm. D: Single-cell, presence of spines and tubes. E: Coenobium with two cells, presence of thorns. F: Coenobium with four cells, presence of spines and tubes. Black arrow: chimney-like rosettes; white arrow: longitudinal ridges.
Figures S1 from: Fučíková K (2015) A new record of the rare alga Pachycladella P. C. Silva (Chlorophyceae) in New England. PhytoKeys 56: 19-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.6268
Figures S1 - Additional light micrographs showing the morphology of Pachycladella cf. zatoriensis found in Connecticut. Scale bars represent 10 µm.
Figure 1 from: Fučíková K (2015) A new record of the rare alga Pachycladella P. C. Silva (Chlorophyceae) in New England. PhytoKeys 56: 19-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.6268
Figure 1 - Light micrographs of Pachycladella cf. zatoriensis found in Connecticut. A gross morphology of a vegetative cell B same cell as in A, with focus on process apices C small vegetative cell with a clearly bifurcated process apex (enlarged in the inset) D an unusual cell with a fifth, irregularly placed and colorless appendage E high-magnification micrograph showing the hollow bases of cell wall processes as well as their dark coloration F same cell as in E with focus on the cell surface and attachment of the fourth process. Scale bars represent 10 µm in all images.
Data from: Organellar phylogenomics inform systematics in the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Chlorophyceae) and provide clues to the complex evolutionary history of plastid genomes in the green algal Tree of Life.
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