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19 results for “Choristoneura”
Stand inventory data (overstory and understory) in northern New Mexico forests affected by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani Razowski) defoliation, 2012-2013
Stand Selection Stands were selected based on data provided by the United States Forest Service insect and disease aerial survey maps. The following criteria was used for stand selection: 1. At least 50% of pre-2000 species composition comprised of the same host tree; 2. No forest treatments within previous 20 years; and 3. Similar slope, aspect, vegetation association and elevation. Stands ranged from west-central New Mexico to north-central New Mexico. Sampling was completed in the summers of 2012 and 2013 in the Mount Taylor stands and the summer of 2013 for the remainder of the stands. Plots A randomized, systematic grid of ten clusters of two 0.02 ha plots were established using GIS software and exported to a handheld GPS. One plot of each cluster was located on the intersection of the grid (‘grid plots’) and the second located 50m at a random azimuth from the established grid plot (‘cluster plots’). This methodology was shown to improve sampling efficiency for stand characteristics pertaining to western spruce budworm within a set allowable error (Lynch 2003). Five 0.001 ha nested regeneration plots were also established (described below). Plot Characteristics Vegetation association was assessed using the Plant Associations of Arizona and New Mexico habitat typing guide. Canopy cover was recorded using a GRS densiometer in 1m increments on two 15.96 m transects bisecting plot center running north to south and east to west. Measurements will begin at 1m and extend to 15m totaling 15 measurements on the north to south transect. The east to west transect will exclude the measurement at 8m to avoid repeated measurements. Canopy cover was calculated by the number of canopy “hits” divided by the total number of measurements taken Overstory Measurements Species and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for all trees greater than 12.7 cm in diameter occurring in plot. DBH was considered to be 1.37 meters above ground. The height and canopy base height of each t
Data to support publication figures and animation scripts at GitHub: Modeling weather-driven long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana)
<p>Long-term studies of insect populations in the North American boreal forest have shown the vital importance of long-distance dispersal to the maintenance and expansion of insect outbreaks. In this work, we extend several concepts established previously in an empirically-based dispersal flight model with recent work on the physiology and behavior of the adult eastern spruce budworm (SBW) moth, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). An outbreak of defoliating SBW in Quebec, ongoing since the mid-2000s, already covers millions of hectares of forests in eastern Canada and threatens to spread into neighboring areas through annual summertime episodes of long-distance dispersal. Such flight events in favorable conditions frequently include billions of SBW moths dispersing in the warm atmospheric boundary layer, typically starting around sunset and often lasting through several hours of wind-driven transport over hundreds of kilometers. Successful SBW dispersal to possibly distant host forest areas depends acutely on the weather. Here we describe the components and results of SBW–pyATM, an open-source individual-based modeling framework developed in Python for the simulation of these weather-driven SBW dispersal events. Using seasonal SBW phenology results from BioSIM at known outbreak locations and high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model output, we focus on modeling dispersal flights over two successive nights in July 2013 in southern Quebec. Our flight model closely reproduces the SBW spatial patterns and motions observed by weather surveillance radar over the St. Lawrence estuary. With SBW–pyATM we can estimate landing locations for both male and female SBW and the resulting spatial patterns of egg distribution, allowing us eventually to forecast future larval defoliation activity in new locations where immigration could help overcome local limitations on SBW populations. This information could then support forest management decisions where SBW outbreaks threaten valuable resources.</p>
Data to support publication figures and animation scripts at GitHub: Modeling weather-driven long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana)
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Data from: Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America's most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
<p>The spruce budworm, <i>Choristoneura fumiferana</i>, is presumed to be panmictic across vast regions of North America. We examined the extent of panmixia by genotyping 3650 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 1975 individuals from 128 collections across the continent. We found three spatially structured subpopulations: Western (Alaska, Yukon), Central (southeastern Yukon to the Manitoba-Ontario border) and Eastern (Manitoba-Ontario border and Atlantic). Additionally, the most diagnostic genetic differentiation between the Central and Eastern subpopulations was chromosomally restricted to a single block of SNPs that may constitute an island of differentiation within the species. Geographic differentiation in the spruce budworm parallels that of its principal larval host, white spruce, <i>Picea glauca</i>, providing evidence that spruce trees survived in the Beringian refugium through the Last Glacial Maximum and that at least two isolated populations diverged with spruce/fir south of the ice sheets. Gene flow in the spruce budworm may also be affected by mountains in western North America, habitat isolation in West Virginia, regional adaptations, factors related to dispersal, and proximity of other species in the spruce budworm species complex. The central and eastern geographic regions contain individuals that assign to Eastern and Central subpopulations, respectively, indicating that these barriers are not complete. Our discovery of previously undetected geographic and genomic structure in the spruce budworm suggests that further population modelling of this ecologically important insect should consider regional differentiation, potentially co-adapted blocks of genes, and gene flow between subpopulations. </p>
FIGURES 37–42. Habitus images. 37. Actia diffidens. 38. Actia interrupta. 39. Ceromasia auricaudata. 40. Compsilura concinnata. 41. Cyzenis incrassata. 42 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 37–42. Habitus images. 37. Actia diffidens. 38. Actia interrupta. 39. Ceromasia auricaudata. 40. Compsilura concinnata. 41. Cyzenis incrassata. 42. Eumea caesar.
FIGURES 34–36. Tachinid puparia. a in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 34–36. Tachinid puparia. a, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs (scale bar = 0.1 mm); b, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs and surrounding region; c, lateral view of posterior half of puparium. 34. Lypha fumipennis. 35. Actia diffidens. 36. Actia interrupta.
FIGURES 22–27. Tachinid puparia. a in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 22–27. Tachinid puparia. a, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs (scale bar = 0.1 mm); b, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs and surrounding region; c, lateral view of posterior half of puparium. 22. Cyzenis incrassata. 23. Hyphantrophaga blanda. 24. Madremyia saundersii. 25. Phryxe pecosensis. 26. Nilea erecta. 27. Hyphantrophaga virilis.
FIGURES 43–48. 43. Habitus images. Hemisturmia parva. 44. Hyphantrophaga virilis. 45. Lypha fumipennis. 46. Madremyia saundersii. 47. Nemorilla pyste. 48 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 43–48. 43. Habitus images. Hemisturmia parva. 44. Hyphantrophaga virilis. 45. Lypha fumipennis. 46. Madremyia saundersii. 47. Nemorilla pyste. 48. Nilea erecta.
FIGURES 28–33. Tachinid puparia. a in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 28–33. Tachinid puparia. a, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs (scale bar = 0.1 mm); b, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs and surrounding region; c, lateral view of posterior half of puparium. 28. Ceromasia auricaudata. 29. Compsilura concinnata. 30. Eumea caesar. 31. Hemisturmia parva. 32. Nemorilla pyste. 33. Smidtia fumiferanae.
FIGURES 14–21. 14 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 14–21. 14. Ventral view of prosternum of Hyphantrophaga virilis. 15. Posteroventral view of hind coxae of Hyphantrophaga blanda. 16. Posterior view of head of Hyphantrophaga blanda, female. 17. Posterior view of head of Hyphantrophaga virilis, female. 18. Ventral view of abdomen of Hyphantrophaga blanda, male. 19. Magnified view of area shown in Fig. 18. 20. Ventral view of abdomen of Hyphantrophaga virilis, male. 21. Magnified view of area shown in Fig. 20.
FIGURES 11–13. 11 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 11–13. 11. Lateral view of tachinid thorax. 12. Actia diffidens, right wing. 13. Actia interrupta, right wing.
FIGURES 1–10. 1. Phryxe pecosensis, male head. 2. Madremyia saundersii, male head. 3. Smidtia fumiferanae, male head. 4. Nilea erecta, katepisternum. 5. Eumea caesar, katepisternum. 6. Phryxe pecosensis, katepisternum.7. Cyzenis incrassata, scutellum. 8. Compsilura concinnata, scutellum. 9 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 1–10. 1. Phryxe pecosensis, male head. 2. Madremyia saundersii, male head. 3. Smidtia fumiferanae, male head. 4. Nilea erecta, katepisternum. 5. Eumea caesar, katepisternum. 6. Phryxe pecosensis, katepisternum.7. Cyzenis incrassata, scutellum. 8. Compsilura concinnata, scutellum. 9. Hyphantrophaga blanda, dorsal view of mid leg. 10. Eumea caesar, dorsal view of mid leg.
Not just for the birds: Spiders as natural enemies of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana, Clem.)
<p>The eastern spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em>, Clem.) is a native irruptive forest pest that defoliates spruce-fir forests throughout North America’s boreal zone. Past studies suggest that successful spruce budworm population control requires high natural mortality from a variety of sources, including predators, especially from parasitoids and birds. While well represented in many different ecosystems, the role of generalist predatory spiders in these boreal systems remains largely unstudied. To determine the identity and percentage of spiders that predate on spruce budworm, we hand collected spiders from balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea</em>) in stands with relatively high spruce budworm densities from forests in insular Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Using a spruce budworm specific TaqMan real time PCR assay we successfully amplified spruce budworm DNA in 32% of collected spiders. After spider molecular barcoding we found the web-builders <em>Grammonota angusta</em> Dondale, <em>Pityohyphantes </em>(aff. <em>subarcticus</em>), <em>Dictyna brevitarsa</em> Emerton, and <em>Estrandia grandaeva</em> (Keyserling) represented 58% of the spiders feeding on spruce budworm, and the wandering hunter <em>Philodromus rufus vibrans</em> Dondale represented 11.8%. Our molecular approach was an effective means with which to identify recently consumed prey and natural enemies in this boreal system.</p>
FIGURES 1–3 in A new species of Choristoneura Lederer, with a key to the species from China (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae)
FIGURES 1–3. Choristoneura expansiva Wang sp. nov. 1, adult; 2, male genitalia; 3, female genitalia.
Data from: Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America’s most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
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Data from: Distinct sources of gene flow produce contrasting population genetic dynamics at different range boundaries of a Choristoneura budworm
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Data from: Genome-wide SNPs resolve phylogenetic relationships in the North American spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex
High throughput sequencing technologies have revolutionized the potential to reconcile incongruence between gene and species trees, and numerous approaches have been developed to take advantage of these advances. Genotyping-by-sequencing is becoming a regular tool for gathering phylogenetic data, yet comprehensive evaluations of phylogenetic methods using these data are sparse. Here we use multiple phylogenetic and population genetic methods for genotyping-by-sequencing data to assess species relationships in a group of forest insect pests, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex. With few exceptions, all methods agree on the same relationships, most notably placing C. pinus as basal to the remainder of the group, rather than C. fumiferana as previously suggested. We found strong support for the monophyly of C. pinus, C. fumiferana, and C. retinana, but more ambiguous relationships and signatures of introgression in a clade of western lineages, including C. carnana, C. lambertiana, C. occidentalis occidentalis, C. occidentalis biennis, and C. orae. This represents the most taxonomically comprehensive genomic treatment of the spruce budworm species group, which is further supported by the broad agreement among multiple methodologies.
FIGURES 49–50. 49. Habitus images. Phryxe pecosensis. 50 in A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia
FIGURES 49–50. 49. Habitus images. Phryxe pecosensis. 50. Smidtia fumiferanae.
Data from: Genome-wide SNPs resolve phylogenetic relationships in the North American spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex
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