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6 results for “Chromatophores”
Dating the origin and spread of plastids and chromatophores
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Photosynthetic eukaryotes have shaped the Earth's biosphere by producing </span><span>oxygen</span><span> </span><span>and converting light into organic compounds in specialized organelles called plastids. Plastids evolved from free-living cyanobacteria ingested by heterotrophic unicellular eukaryotes. Two such independent engulfment processes, called cyanobacterial endosymbioses, have been reported so far. The first gave rise to primary plastids and three Archaeplastida lineages: glaucophytes, red algae and green algae with land plants, whereas the second resulted in chromatophores in the rhizarian amoeba <em>Paulinella</em>. Importantly, archaeplastidans donated their plastids to many protist groups, thereby further spreading photosynthesis across the tree of life. To reveal the complex plastid evolution, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic and multi-clock analyses based on new </span><span>fossil </span><span>calibration points and </span><span>the greatest number yet of </span><span>plastid-encoded proteins from 108 taxa, representing a large diversity of photosynthetic organisms. Our results indicate that primary plastids evolved prior to 2.1 - 1.8 Ba, i.e. before glaucophytes diverged from the other archaeplastidans, and <em>Paulinella</em> chromatophores most probably before 292 - 266 Ma. Red and green algae were engulfed by cryptophyte and </span><span>chlorarachniophyte </span><span>ancestors between 1.7 - 1.4 Ba, and </span><span>1.1 - 1.0 Ba, respectively;</span><span> the former subsequently triggered </span><span>plastid transfers to other eukaryotes. </span><span>We also studied the impact of various molecular clocks and calibration sets on the age estimation and clearly indicate that the clocks are the source of greater differences.</span></p>
Dating the origin and spread of plastids and chromatophores
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Figures 8-9 from: Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK (2017) Ultrastructure of the dermal chromatophores in the Fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus orientalis. Zoologia 34: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11923
Figures 8-9 - Electron photomicrograph showing different stages of melanosomes. (I) lridophores, (M) melanophores, (m) mitochondria, (N) nucleus, (nu) nucleolus. Scale bar: 2 μm.
Figures 4-7 from: Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK (2017) Ultrastructure of the dermal chromatophores in the Fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus orientalis. Zoologia 34: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11923
Figures 4-7 - (4-5) Ultrastructural features of chromatophores of dorsal skin in A. orientalis. The vertical combination of dermal chromatophores is xanthophores at the top, iridophores in the middle, and melanophores at the bottom. (6-7) Electron photomicrograph showing the combination of dermal chromatophores in the skin of A. orientalis. (E) Epidermal layer, (I) iridophores, (M) melanophores, (nu) nucleolus, (N) nucleus, (PT) pterinosomes, (X) xanthophores. Scale bar: 2 μm.
Figures 1-3 from: Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK (2017) Ultrastructure of the dermal chromatophores in the Fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus orientalis. Zoologia 34: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11923
Figures 1-3 - Histological structure of dorsal skin in A. orientalis. The chromatophore layer is located just below the basal cell layer in the epidermis. (HL) Horny epidermal layer, (E) epidermis, (SG) stratum germinativum, (I) iridophore, (M) melanophore, (X) xanthophore, (D) dermis, (OD) osteoderm.
The dynamic behavior of chromatophores marks the transition from bands to spots in leopard geckos
GEO Series GSE264342. Eublepharis macularius. 1 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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