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128 results for “Cladogram”
Figure 1. Simplified cladogram inferred from a in Revision of the Bark Beetle Genera Within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Figure 1. Simplified cladogram inferred from a>100-gene phylogeny presented in Johnson et al. (2018). Blue text represents genera of Cryphalini sensu (Wood 1986a)
Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a total of 64 modern and fossil annelid taxa and 48 mostly morphological tube characters. Analyses were performed using implied character weighting, with the concavity constant set as default (k = 3; A), and also set to downweight homoplastic characters less (k = 4; B). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Modern taxa are coloured according to taxonomic groups; fossil taxa are in grey. A, consensus of 271 most parsimonious trees (best score = 15.387, consistency index = 0.195, retention index = 0.264); B, consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees (best score = 13.568, consistency index = 0.232, retention index = 0.569). Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.
Рис. 1. Calyptra thalictri: 1 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., гоΛотип; 2 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., паратип; 3 — кΛаΑограмма Calyptra thalictri. Построена метоΑом максимаΛьного схоΑства, параметрическая моΑеΛь Тамура-Неи, 10 000 бутстрапрепΛикаций; 4 — биотоп Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n. Fig. 1. Calyptra thalictri: 1 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., holotype; 2 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., paratype; 3 — cladogram of Calyptra thalictri. Based on the maximum likelihood method, Tamura-Nei parametrical model, 10000 bootstrap replications; 4 — biotope of Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n. in A New Subspecies Of (Borkhausen, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Calpinae) From Kyrgyzstan
Рис. 1. Calyptra thalictri: 1 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., гоΛотип; 2 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., паратип; 3 — кΛаΑограмма Calyptra thalictri. Построена метоΑом максимаΛьного схоΑства, параметрическая моΑеΛь Тамура-Неи, 10 000 бутстрапрепΛикаций; 4 — биотоп Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n. Fig. 1. Calyptra thalictri: 1 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., holotype; 2 — Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n., paratype; 3 — cladogram of Calyptra thalictri. Based on the maximum likelihood method, Tamura-Nei parametrical model, 10000 bootstrap replications; 4 — biotope of Calyptra thalictri alexander ssp. n.
Figure 1 in Character mapping and cladogram comparison versus the requirement of total evidence: does it matter for polychaete systematics?
Figure 1. Example of the error of cladogram comparisons. A, phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from separate sets of premises. Letters on cladogram 'nodes' indicate population-splitting events relevant to the various hypotheses of character origin/fixation within ancestral populations. The requirement of total evidence precludes such a comparison of cladogram topologies because explanations of characters 1(1)–5(1) by population-splitting events A–C (left cladogram) contradict explanations of 6(1)–8(1) by population-splitting events D–F. See text for further discussion. B, explaining observations in accordance with the requirement of total evidence, correcting the problem in 'A'.
Figure 2 in Character mapping and cladogram comparison versus the requirement of total evidence: does it matter for polychaete systematics?
Figure 2. Example of the error of character mapping. A, phylogenetic hypotheses are inferred for a set of characters. Numbers on cladogram 'nodes' indicate population-splitting events relevant to the various hypotheses of character origin/fixation within ancestral populations (not shown; cf. fig. 1). B, a different set of characters are 'mapped' onto the branches of the cladogram in 'A'. C, the 'mapped' characters in 'B' actually refer to phylogenetic hypotheses inferred separately from the hypotheses implied by the cladogram in 'A' and 'B'. D, explaining observations in accordance with the requirement of total evidence, correcting the problem in 'B' and 'C'. See text for further discussion.
Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes
Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A. Intrageneric relationships (rooted to Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939), based on available morphological and zoogeographic evidence (see text). B. 75% majority−rule consensus of the four most parsimonious trees (length: 172; CI: 0.46; RI: 0.65) showing the relationships of eight fossil genera of Oiocerina, Gazella Blainville, 1816, Ovibos Blainville, 1816, Hemitragus Smith, 1826, and Turcocerus Köhler, 1987, based on the character matrix of Appendix 1. Outgroup: Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939. Synapomorphies supporting nodes (marked with bold letters) are discussed in the text.
Fig. 1 Strict consensus cladogram obtained from 45 in Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Neanurini questions tribal classification of the subfamily Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae)
Fig. 1 Strict consensus cladogram obtained from 45 most parsimonious trees under equal weights. Values of Jackknife support and symmetric resampling are indicated on and below branches, respectively. Only values above 40 are indicated to facilitate the visualisation of the most internal branches. The main clades are indicated with letters (a–e) on branches
Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1). in Revision Of The Cyprinids From The Early Oligocene Of The České Středohoří Mountains, And The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Protothymallus Laube, 1901 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae)
Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1).
Fig. 296. A, cladogram 1 in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 296. A, cladogram 1, distribution of states for character 39; B, cladogram 1, distribution of states for character 74.
Fig. 292. Cladogram 2, a in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 292. Cladogram 2, a PAUP* 4.0 analysis of the same dataset (appendix 3) that produced cladogram 1 shown in figure 288, but modified by the addition of a selected group of eight shell-only taxa, indicated by asterisk (*), resulting in a single cladogram of 422 steps.
Fig. 291. A, cladogram 1 in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 291. A, cladogram 1 (MPC) from figure 288 showing in solid blocks those taxa represented by shells in addition to skulls. B, cladogram 1 (MPC) from figure 288 showing in solid blocks those taxa represented by lower jaws in addition to skulls.
Fig. 288. Cladogram 1 in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 288. Cladogram 1, the most parsimonious cladogram (MPC) of the dataset in appendix 3, all shell-only (asterisked) taxa excluded. PAUP* 4.0 analysis of 41 taxa and 175 characters, all characters unweighted and unordered, character list in appendix 2. The result is one cladogram with 382 steps, a consistency index of 0.60, a retention index of 0.81, a rescaled consistency index of 0.49, and a homoplasy index of 0.39. Bootstrapping (upper numbers) was run using 100 replicates. Bremer decay indices (lower numbers) were obtained using TreeRot version 2 (Sorenson, 1999).
Fig. 2. Statistical parsimony cladogram network representing relationships among the 45 haplotypes for a 615 in Genetic diversity of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in Korea and comparison with COI sequence datasets from East Asia, Europe, and North America
Fig. 2. Statistical parsimony cladogram network representing relationships among the 45 haplotypes for a 615 bp fragment of the COI gene of Halyomorpha halys. Each circle is labeled with haplotype number, and the size of each circle is proportional to the frequency of each haplotype [H3 (n = 353); H1 (n = 285); H22 (n = 43); H8 (n = 34); H33 (n = 23); H2 (n = 16); H32 (n = 8); H7, H9–H13, and H43 (n = 3); H6, H14, H34, H39, and H40 (n = 2); H4–H5, H12, H15–H21, H23, H30–H31, H35–H38, H41, H42, and H44–H51 (n = 1)]. Differing colors indicate countries in which samples were collected.
Fig. 4. Strict consensus cladogram resulting from a in A new plesiosauroid from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Alhadas, Portugal
Fig. 4. Strict consensus cladogram resulting from a reanalysis of the data matrix of Grossmann (2007), with Lusonectes included as an additional operational taxonomic unit. See text for interpretation. SMNS16812 is the holotype of "Plesiopterys wildii" = Seeleyosaurus according to Grossman (2007).
FIG. 5 in Temporal paralogy, cladograms, and the quality of the fossil record
FIG. 5. — Pectinate cladogram illustrating Pongidae relationships as currently understood; A, all nodes are temporally informative (orthologous). The age of diversification of Pan is more recent than the age of origin of (Homo, Pan); B, the addition of a fossil taxon (Homo neanderthalensis) defines a paralogous node and two new arrows of time (black arrows). Consequently the fit of ages of diversification of both Homo and Pan to stratigraphy is meaningless.
FIG. 4 in Temporal paralogy, cladograms, and the quality of the fossil record
FIG. 4. — Temporal paralogy and the origin of tetrapods. The possibility of osteolepiforms being ancestors of tetrapods has been reinterpreted based on a parsimony analysis (Ahlberg & Johanson 1998). Among osteolepiforms, the Tristichopteridae appear as the closest relative to the Tetrapoda. The common ancestor of both groups is represented by a paralogous node, and according to temporal hierarchy the relative inclusiveness of each of the sister-groups cannot be decided. As a consequence, the Tetrapoda can be supposed to have occurred before the first appearance of osteolepiforms (Eifelian). There are no arguments to see osteolepiforms as possible ancestors of tetrapods, if this question has any meaning when argued from a parsimony analysis.
FIG. 3 in Temporal paralogy, cladograms, and the quality of the fossil record
FIG. 3. — Temporal information and cladograms; A, maximally informative cladogram of taxa (A-F) and their ages (6-1). All nodes are orthologous, and the ages of the fossil specimens can be either consistent or not with the temporal hierarchy; B, the effect of a better knowledge of the fossil record by addition of the age of a supplementary taxon (N, 4) is the decrease in temporal resolution. The number of informative (orthologous) nodes decreases (white circles) as temporally ambiguous nodes appear (shown as grey circles) node leading to two terminals or a terminal and a paralogous node, the black circle corresponds a new paralogous node, indicating a temporal paralogy. The ages of sister-taxa (C, N) and (D, E, F) are temporal paralogs. Each arrow represents a semi-independent temporal hierarchy.
Fig. 2. Cladogram for the 28S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''
Fig. 2. Cladogram for the 28S rDNA alignment of Schmitz and Moritz (1998). The length is 302 steps; consistency index = 0.76 and retention index = 0.80.
Fig. 3. Cladogram for the combined 16S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''
Fig. 3. Cladogram for the combined 16S data and the morphological and behavioral characters (see appendix 1). The length is 652 steps; consistency index = 0.64 and retention index = 0.69.
Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on
Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;
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