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Effects of Tide-Induced Mixing on the Surface Temperature Gradients Between the Equator and Poles During the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum -- Dataset
<p>The files contain the data related to the figures in this paper.</p><p>-- Fig.1 The topographic roughness of the PI and MMCO before and after reconstruction</p><p>-- Fig.2 The 300-year time series of the annual mean SAT and SST</p><p>-- Fig.3 The data of SSH for PI_TF experiment</p><p>-- Fig.4 The tidal dissipation and mixing for MMCO_TM, and the ocean vertical mixing</p><p>-- Fig.5 The annual mean SAT and SST for the MMCO_TM and<i> </i>MMCO<i>_</i>noTM</p><p>-- Fig.6 The global meridional heat transport for the MMCO_TM and<i> </i>MMCO<i>_</i>noTM</p><p>-- Fig.7 The net sea surface heat flux for the MMCO_TM and<i> </i>MMCO<i>_</i>noTM</p><p>-- Fig.8 The GMOC and AMOC for the MMCO_TM and<i> </i>MMCO<i>_</i>noTM</p>
FIGURE 14. A-G in Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia
FIGURE 14. A-G. Amamriabatis heni nov gen. nov. sp. A. anterior tooth KEB 1-218, A1. Occlusal view, A2. Basal view, A3. Lingual view, B. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-219 (Holotype), B1. Occlusal view, B2. Lingual view, B3. Basal view, C. juvenile tooth KEB 1-220, occlusal view, D. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-221, D1. Occlusal view, D2. Basal view, D3. Labial view, E. lateral tooth KEB 1-222, E1. Occlusal view, E2. Lingual view, E3. Basal view, F. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-223, F1. Occlusal view, F2. Basal view, F3. Labial view, G. lateral tooth KEB 1-224, G1. Occlusal view, G2. Basal view, G3. Lingual view; H. Archaeomanta sp. KEB 1-225, H1. Lateral view, H2. Labial view.
FIGURE 12. A-C in Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia
FIGURE 12. A-C. Mecotrygon asperodentulus nov. gen nov. sp. A. anterior tooth KEB 1-188, A1. occlusal view, A2. Profile, A3. Basal view; B. lateral tooth KEB 1-189, B1. occlusal view, B2. labial view, B3. Profile; C. lateral tooth KEB 1-190, HOLOTYPE, C1. Occlusal view, C2. Lingual view, C3. Basal view, C4. Profile; D-M. Himantura souarfortuna nov. sp. D.?posterior tooth KEB 1-191, D1. Occlusal view, D2. Profile, D3. Basal view; E. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1- 192, occlusal view; F. anterior tooth KEB 1-193, F1. Occlusal view, F2. Labial view; G. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-194, G1. Occlusal view, G2. Profile; H. anterior tooth KEB 1-195, occlusal view; I. lateral tooth KEB 1-196, occlusal view; J. A. anterior tooth KEB 1-197, occlusal view; K. lateral tooth KEB 1-198, K1. Occlusal view, K2. Basal view; L. A. anterior tooth KEB 1-199, occlusal view; M. lateral tooth KEB 1-200, occlusal view. N-O. Dasyatoid indet. N. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-201, N1. Occlusal view, N2. Basal view; O. A. antero-lateral tooth KEB 1-202, occlusal view; P-Q. Arechia sp. P. lateral tooth KEB 1-203, occlusal view; Q. A. anterior tooth KEB 1-204, Q1. Occlusal view, Q2. Lingual view.
FIGURE 10. A-D in Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia
FIGURE 10. A-D: Propristis cf. schweinfurti. A. Rostral denticle KEB 1-172, A1. Profile, A2. dorsal view; B. Rostral denticle KEB 1-173, Profile; C. Rostral denticle KEB 1-174, C1. Profile, C2. Dorsal view, C3. basal view; D. Rostral denticle KEB 1-175, D1. profile. D2. dorsal view; E: Pristis sp. Rostral denticle, KEB 1-165, dorsal view; F-G. Rhynchobatus cf. vincenti. F. anterior tooth KEB 1-176, F1. Occlusal view, F2. Basal view; G. anterior tooth KEB 1-177, occlusal view; H-I.?Torpedo sp. H. lateral tooth KEB 1-178, occlusal view, I. lateral tooth KEB 1-179, occlusal view.
FIGURE 9. A-F in Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia
FIGURE 9. A-F: Propristis cf. schweinfurti, A. Anterior oral tooth KEB 1-166, A1. Lingual view, A2. Occlusal view, A3. profile; B. Antero-lateral oral tooth KEB 1-167, B1. Occlusal view, B2. Lingual view, B3. Labial view; C. Anterior oral tooth KEB 1-168, C1. Lingual view, C2. Basal view, C3. Profile; D. lateral tooth KEB 1-169, D1. Lingual view, D2. Occlusal view, D3. Basal view, D4. Magnificence of crown-root boundary of D3; E.?male lateral tooth KEB 1-170, E1. Occlusal tooth, E2. Basal view; F.?male anterior tooth KEB 1-171, F1. Lingual view, F2. Occlusal view; G-L: Pristis sp. G. porterior tooth KEB 1-158, G1. Occlusal view, G2. Basal view; H. anterior tooth KEB 1-159, occlusal view; I. lateral tooth KEB 1-160, I1 occlusal view, I2., lingual view. J lateral tooth KEB 1-161, occlusal view; K. anterior tooth KEB 1-162, occlusal view; L. lateral tooth of?juvenile KEB 1-163, L1. Occlusal view, L2. Basal view; M. lateral tooth of juvenile KEB 1-164, M1. Occlusal view, M2. Profile.
FIGURE 1 in Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia
FIGURE 1. Paleotemperatures (ice-free deep-ocean T°/ tropical sea surface T°) and Thermic events during the "doubthouse" conditions of Eocene period (from Cramwinckel et al., 2018 modified with events dating from Hollis et al., 2019). Stratigraphically and geographical locations of the main deposits with Elasmobranch associations along the southwestern Tethys. Abbreviations: DAK: Dakhla (Adnet et al., 2010), GEN: Genam (Zouhri et al., 2017, in press); AZ: Aznag (Tabuce et al., 2005) PM: Phosphate ores (see Noubhani and Cappetta, 1997), Morocco; GAF: Gafsa basin (see Arambourg, 1952); KEBAR: Kébar (this work and Adnet et al., 2019); MBK: Mabrouk (see Sweydan et al., 2019), Tunisia; EG: ElGedida (see Strougo et al., 2007); KM: KM11 (see Adnet et al., 2011) MT: Minqar Tabaghbagh (see Zalmout et al., 2012); BQ: Birquet Qarun QS: Quar et Sa; GE: Genahamm Fm.; MI: Midawara FM. from Wadi al Hitan, see Underwood et al., 2011), Egypt; QD: Qa Faydat al Dahikya, Jordania, see Mustafat and Zalmout, 2002).
FIG. 7 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 7. — "Coluber" cf. caspioides from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr) and caudal (ca) views: A, cervical vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 520); B, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 533). Abbreviations: dia, diapophysis; pa, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pp, parapophyseal process; for other abbreviations, and see Figures 4 & 6. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 12 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 12. — Micrurus cf. gallicus from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 642), in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (ca) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4 & 6.
FIG. 11 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 11. — Natrix sp. (small form) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a, in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views: A, anterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 570); B, posterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 578); C, trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 592). Abbreviations: other abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6 & 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 2. — Digital elevation model of southern Germany (from Kuhlemann et al. 2006), indicating the geographic position of Griesbeckerzell.
FIG. 5 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 5. — cf. Bavarioboa sp. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a. Anterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 502) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figure 4. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 4 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 4. — Bavarioboa aff. hermi from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views: A, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 499); B, cloacal vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 501). Abbreviations:cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; scr, subcentral ridge; syn, synapophysis; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 10 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 10. — Texasophis cf. meini from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 554), in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4 & 7. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 14.— A in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 14.— A, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) or Daboia sp. from the Middle Miocene (late MN 5) of Griesbeckerzell 1b; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 646) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views; B, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of the Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 656) in dorsal (d) ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6, 7 & 13.
FIG. 13 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 13. — Elapidae indet. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 643) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (ca) views. Abbreviations: scg, subcentral groove; other abbreviations: see Figure 4.
FIG. 8 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 8.— Coluber hungaricus (Bolkay, 1913) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a, in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr) and caudal (ca) views: A, posterior cervical vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 541); B, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 547); C, posterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 549). Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6 & 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
FIG. 3. — Synoptical chart of the chronology for the Early to Middle Miocene lithostratigraphic units in the Bavarian part of the NAFB (modified from Abdul Aziz et al. 2010) and stratigraphic position of the Griesbeckerzell localities (*): 1, Marine Molasse; 2, Grimmelfingen beds; 3, Albstein; 4, Kirchberg Formation; 5, Sand-Kalkmergel-Serie and untere Bunte Mergel Serie; 6, Limnische Untere Serie; 7, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, lower part; 8, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 9, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 10, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 11, Zwischenmergel; 12, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 13, GerÖllsand Serie; 14, Brock-horizon; 15, Sand-Mergel-Decke; 16, dated volcanic ash; 17, undated volcanic ash; 18, Lower Laimering Series, Ubergangsschichten; 19, Steinbalmensande.
Neoisoptera repeatedly colonised Madagascar after the Middle Miocene climatic optimum
<p><span>Madagascar is home to many endemic plant and animal species owing to its ancient isolation from other landmasses. This unique fauna includes several lineages of termites, a group of insects known for their key role in organic matter decomposition in many terrestrial ecosystems. How and when termites colonised Madagascar remains unknown. In this study, we used 601 mitochondrial genomes, </span><span>93 of which were generated from Malagasy samples, to infer the global </span><span>historical biogeography of Neoisoptera, a lineage containing</span> more than <span>80% of described termite species.</span><span> Our results indicate that Neoisoptera colonised Madagascar </span><span>between seven to ten times independently during the Miocene, between 8.4-16.6 Ma (95% HPD: 6.1-19.9 Ma). This timing matches that of the colonization of Australia by Neoisoptera. Furthermore, the taxonomic composition of the Neoisopteran fauna of Madagascar and Australia are strikingly similar, with Madagascar harbouring an additional two lineages absent from Australia. Therefore, akin to Australia, Neoisoptera colonised Madagascar during the global expansion of grasslands, possibly helped by the ecological opportunities arising from the spread of this new biome.</span></p>
Development of a Machine Learning-Based Model to Determine the Optimum and Safe Restriping Timing of Thermoplastic Pavement Markings in Hot and Humid Climates
<p>Due to limited budget, most transportation agencies restripe their thermoplastic pavement markings based on a fixed schedule or based on visual inspection instead of monitoring the retroreflectivity and restriping when the retroreflectivity drops below a pre-determined threshold. These strategies are questionable in terms of efficiency and economy. Therefore, previous studies proposed degradation models to predict the retroreflectivity of thermoplastic markings based on key variables. Yet, most of these studies reported low R<sup>2</sup> (as low as 0.1), which placed little confidence in these models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and predict the field performance of thermoplastics and to propose cost-effective restriping strategies for thermoplastics used in hot and humid climate service conditions. To achieve this objective, National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) data were mined and analyzed. Results indicated that the service life (SL) of thermoplastics ranged between 0.4 and 12.1 years (according to the initial retroreflectivity, traffic, and surface type) with an average value of 3.4 ± 0.2 years. Four regression models with relatively high accuracy were developed to predict the SL of thermoplastics based on key variables. In addition, the genetic algorithm was used to develop a model that predicts the future retroreflectivty of these pavement markings. The predicted values were compared against actual retroreflectivity measurements collected from a field experiment at Louisiana State University. The results of this study could be used to make effective decisions related to restriping scheduling. Using the proposed models in restriping scheduling can result in considerable cost savings (up to $8,212 per lane-mile), as compared to the conventional restriping strategy.</p>
Neoisoptera repeatedly colonised Madagascar after the Middle Miocene climatic optimum
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