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◂Fig. 1 Morphology of thecate and coccoid cells, with labelled thecal plates. a–c, i, m Light microscopy, d–h, k–l scanning electron microscopy. a Ventral view of strain GeoM788; b dorsal view of strain GeoM793; c apical view of strain GeoK044; d ventral view of strain GeoK037; e dorsal view of strain GeoM788; f apical view of strain GeoK024, with the dehiscence of epithecal opening indicated by a blue line; g antapical view of strain GeoK044; h leftlateral view of strain GeoM866; i motile cell of strain GeoK037; k–m coccoid cells showing variability in shape and size of strains k GeoM866, l GeoM793 and m GeoK024. Abbreviations: n′: apical plate, n′′: precingular plate, n′′′: postcingular plate, n′′′′: antapical plate, na: anterior intercalary plate, nC: cingular plate, Sa: anterior sulcal plate, Sd: right sulcal plate, Sp: posterior sulcal plate. Ss: left sulcal plate. Scale bar: 10 µm. UA: 15 kV in Morphological and molecular variability of Peridinium volzii Lemmerm. (Peridiniaceae, Dinophyceae) and its relevance for infraspecific taxonomy

◂Fig. 1 Morphology of thecate and coccoid cells, with labelled thecal plates. a–c, i, m Light microscopy, d–h, k–l scanning electron microscopy. a Ventral view of strain GeoM*788; b dorsal view of strain GeoM*793; c apical view of strain GeoK*044; d ventral view of strain GeoK*037; e dorsal view of strain GeoM*788; f apical view of strain GeoK*024, with the dehiscence of epithecal opening indicated by a blue line; g antapical view of strain GeoK*044; h leftlateral view of strain GeoM*866; i motile cell of strain GeoK*037; k–m coccoid cells showing variability in shape and size of strains k GeoM*866, l GeoM*793 and m GeoK*024. Abbreviations: n′: apical plate, n′′: precingular plate, n′′′: postcingular plate, n′′′′: antapical plate, na: anterior intercalary plate, nC: cingular plate, Sa: anterior sulcal plate, Sd: right sulcal plate, Sp: posterior sulcal plate. Ss: left sulcal plate. Scale bar: 10 µm. UA: 15 kV

Fig. 3. a, b. Siderocystopsis fusca, c, d. Siderocelis oblonga, e-g. Siderocelis estheriana, h, i in New records of coccoid green algae in Korea

Fig. 3. a, b. Siderocystopsis fusca, c, d. Siderocelis oblonga, e-g. Siderocelis estheriana, h, i. Pachycladella umbrina. Scale bar is 10 μm.

Fig. 1 in New records of coccoid green algae in Korea

Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites of new recorded taxa in South Korea. 1. Seogangdaegyo, Han River (37°32′03″, 126°55′18″), 2. Chukdong reservoir and fishery (36°06′34″, 126°47′57″), 3. Deokjin reservoir (35°50′55″, 127°07′15″).

Fig. 2. a-c. Fotterella tetrachlorelloides, d, e. Trochiscia naumannii, f-h. Keriochlamys styriaca, i-k in New records of coccoid green algae in Korea

Fig. 2. a-c. Fotterella tetrachlorelloides, d, e. Trochiscia naumannii, f-h. Keriochlamys styriaca, i-k. Placosphaera opaca. Scale bar is 10 μm.

Fig. 4. a-c. Pachycladella zatoriensis, d. Crucigenia mucronata, e, f in New records of coccoid green algae in Korea

Fig. 4. a-c. Pachycladella zatoriensis, d. Crucigenia mucronata, e, f. Scenedesmus sempervirens. Scale bar is 10 μm.

Fig. 6 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 6. Schematic drawing showing examples of vegetative cells of different age and baeocytes formation in modern colonial coccoid cyanobacteria. A. Stanieria sphaerica (Setchell and Gardner) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, scheme of baeocytes formation (after Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998). B–E. Stanieria cf. cyanosphaera (Komárek and Hindák) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, modern coccoid cyanobacteria grown in culture under irradiance level 20 µmol m–2 sec–1 at 22 (~0.5)oC. B. Cells of different age. C. Vegetative cells of different age. D. Baeocytes differentiation. · · E. Baeocytes liberation. After Komárek and Hindák from Silva and Pienaar 2000, modified. F. Chroococcidiopsis kashayi Friedmann 1961, various stage of baeocytic cell division (multiple fission), after Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998 modified. G. Fragment of early Silurian coccoid cyanobacterial mat. ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4. Scale bars 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 7. Comparison of early Silurian coccoid cyanobacteria (left) from radiolarian cherts exposed at the Żdanów road−cut (Bardzkie Mountains) and modern coccoid cyanobacteria (right), all optical micrographs. A, C, E. Examples of cells of early Silurian Stanieria−like cyanobacteria at different stage of cell fission filled with minute reproductive cells (baeocytes). E. Optical micrographs with Nomarski illumination. A, C, E, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4. B, D, F. Mass culture of Stanieria cf. cyanosphaera (Komárek and Hindák) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, grown under irradiance level 20 µmol m–2 sec–1 at 22 · · (~0.5)oC, revealing spherical cells of varying size; some cells are filled with baeocytes (from Silva and Pienaar 2000, with publisher permission http://www.schweizerbart.de).

Fig. 3 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 3. Optical micrographs of early Silurian radiolarian cherts from Żdanów in horizontal thin sections. A. Three globular aggregates of coccoid cyanobacteria forming mats visible in amorphous organic background. B–D. Magnified aggregates of variously degraded coccoid cyanobacteria showing different size of cells and mucilage sheaths. Some cells are filled with granular material resembling reproductive cells (baeocytes) of modern coccoid cyanobacteria. E, F. Magnified fragment of cyanobacterial colony (aggregate), partly degraded, showing individual cells. F. Optical micrographs with Nomarski illumination. All ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4.

Fig. 2 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of Early Silurian radiolarian cherts from Żdanów in vertical thin sections. A–C. Sections of black radiolarian chert in different magnifications showing well−defined laminae of organic matter composed of coccoid cyanobacterial biomass. D. A fragment of dense organic lamina, in which no details are visible. E, F. Magnified fragment of organic laminae composed of partly degraded and compacted aggregates of coccoid cyanobacteria, some capsule−like remnants of mucilage sheaths remaind uncompacted. A–C, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1–4; D, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 16/2; E, F, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 23/1.

Fig. 1 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 1. Geological map of the northern part of the Bardzkie Mountains (Sudetes, southwestern Poland) and stratigraphic section of the Early Palaeozoic deposits at the Żdanów road−cut (after Porębska 1982, and Wyżga 1987; modified).

Fig. 8 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 8. Diagram showing effect of compaction of a coccoid cyanobacterial aggregate. A–C. 3D aggregate without compaction (A) and under different degree of compaction. D–G. Axial vertical section of the same aggregate without compaction (D) and under different degree of compaction; note that in G outlines of cells and/or capsules are no more identifiable. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of early Silurian subspherical aggregate of benthic coccoid cyanobacteria from Żdanów in horizontal thin section (sample IV–VI 49), showing HF−etched pattern with extending parts representing silicified common mucilage sheats (glycocalyx) and pits representing decomposed cells.

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Fig. 4 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 4. Size−frequency histogram of cells from the early Silurian mats.

FIGURE 9 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 9. Male pupa of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. Notes: A: thoracic spiracle; B: multilocular pore with 3 central loculi in a triangle; C: multilocular pore with 2 central loculi.

FIGURES 10–15 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURES 10–15. Habitat photographs of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. 10. Adult female; 11. Adult male; 12. Eggs and egg production; 13. First-instar nymph; 14. Cyst; 15. Third-instar male nymph.

FIGURE 8 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 8. Third-instar nymph of male Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. Notes: A: antenna; B: dorsum of scape and pedicel of antenna; C: thoracic spiracle; D: abdominal spiracle; E: leg; F: claw; G: U-shaped sclerotization; H: anus; I: simple pore; J: multilocular pore with 3 central loculi in a triangle; K: multilocular pore with 2 central loculi; L: hair at distal end of tibia; M: spine.

FIGURE 6 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 6. Second-instar nymph (cyst) of male Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. (left: dorsum; right: venter). Notes: A: antenna; B: thoracic spiracle; C: abdominal spiracle; D: flagellate seta; E: simple pore; F: multilocular pores each with 4–7 central loculi; G: spine; H: anal ring.

FIGURE 5 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 5. Second-instar nymph (cyst) of female Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. (left: dorsum; right: venter). Notes: A: antenna; B: thoracic spiracle; C: abdominal spiracle; D: flagellate seta; E: simple pore; F: multilocular pores each with 4‒7 central loculi; G: spine; H: anal ring.

FIGURE 2 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 2. Adult female of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. (left: dorsum; right: venter). Notes: A: setae group at position of fore leg; B: thoracic spiracle; C: abdominal spiracle; D: simple pore; E: multilocular pore with 3 central loculi in a triangle; F: multilocular pores with 4–7 central loculi; G: multilocular pore with 2 central loculi; H: spine; I: flagellate seta; J: antenna; K: anal ring; L: vulva and 3 adjacent apodemes

FIGURE 3 in A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China

FIGURE 3. Adult male of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. Notes: A: leg; B: claw; C: thoracic spiracle; D: hind wing; E: circular sensorium; F: cuticular reticulum on fore wing; G: disc pore; H: simple pore; I: tubular duct; J: dorsal view of penis sheath; K: ventral view of penis sheath and penis; L: lateral view of penis sheath and penis; M: spine; N: venter of head; O: dorsum of prothorax, showing an inverted "π"-like post tergite; P: scutellum.