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FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 individuals in situ near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic.

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FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm.

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FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, closeup view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note fingerlike digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Closeup view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm.

Fig. 14 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 14. Range chart of all taxa identified to genus or species level that have been described from Calcari a Lucina deposits. Not included are taxa reported by Moroni (1966) that we were not able to revise.

Fig. 13 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 13. The bivalve Sisonia ultimoi sp. nov. from the Middle Miocene Ca' Cavalmagra seep deposit in northern Italy. A. Left valve (MSF 1280). B. Small right valve (MSF 1265). C. Left valve (MSF 2372). D. Large right valve with severe shell injury (MSF 1278). E. Right valve (MSF 1281). F–G. Articulated specimen with broken posterior end (MSF 2367). H–I. Holotype (MGGC 22330), articulated specimen showing outline of shell. J–K. Paratype, articulated specimen with deformed posterior side, showing the regular commarginal ornament; this specimen preserves the most realistic inflation of all available specimens (MSF 2368). L–M. Articulated specimen (MSF 2369). N–O. Articulated specimen showing fine internal striation (MSF 2370). P–Q. Deformed specimen showing the regular commarginal ornament (MSF 2371).

Fig. 11 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 11. The lucinid bivalve Miltha? romaniae sp. nov., from the Ca' Cassano seep deposit in northern Italy. A. Paratype (MSF 2345). B. Paratype (MSF 2347). C. Holotype (MSF 2346). D–F. Paratype with well-preserved ventral side (MSF 2362). D. Ventral view showing the slight undulation of the ventral margin. E. Posteroventral surface showing the increasing strength and spacing of the commarginal ribs. F. Close-up on anteroventral surface, showing the fine obliquely tangential thread-like ridges. G. Paratype (MSF 2363), right valve embedded in rock matrix, showing the aams.

Fig. 9. Thyasirid bivalves from Calcari a in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 9. Thyasirid bivalves from Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–B. Thyasira sp. 1, Castiglione dei Pepoli (MGGC 22311). C. Thyasira sp. 2, Casola (MGGC 22312). D–E. Channelaxinus? sp., Caselle A (NRM Mo 204840).

Fig. 8. Protobranch bivalves from Calcari a in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 8. Protobranch bivalves from Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–D. The nuculid Nucula aff. sulcata Bronn, 1831. A. MSF 2366. B. Right valve from Le Colline (MSF 1212). C. Right valve from Le Colline (MSF 1210). D. Left valve from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1311). E–F. The solemyid Acharax doderleini (Mayer, 1861) from Ca' Fornace erratics. E. External mold of right valve (MSF 2361). F. Internal mold of right valve (MSF 2360).

Fig. 12. Vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene Calcari a in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 12. Vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–H. Archivesica strigarum Kiel & Taviani, 2017. A–B. Articulated specimen from Caselle A (NRM Mo 204841). C. Hinge of RV (Caselle A, NRM Mo 204842). D. Hinge of LV (Caselle A, NRM Mo 204843). E. Articulated specimen from Casola showing ligament (MGGC 22325). F. Articulated specimen from Casola, view on RV showing anterior adductor muscle scar (MGGC 22326). G. Internal mold of RV showing muscle scars and pallial line, from Castillon dei Pepoli (MGGC 22323).H. Left valve with shell remains, from Casola (MGGC 22324). I–J. Wareniconcha? sp., external view on articulated specimen from Castel di Casio (MGGC 22329).

Fig. 4. Calliostomatidae Thiele, 1924 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 4. Calliostomatidae Thiele, 1924 (1847) (Vetigastropoda) from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–C. Calliostoma sp., Le Colline (MSF 1207). D–F. Calliostoma? sp., Le Colline (MSF 1208).

Fig. 6 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 6. Neritimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975 and Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960 from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–B. The phenacolepid (Neritimorpha) Thalassonerita megastoma Moroni, 1966, Le Colline (MSF 1223), internal mold showing columellar muscle scars. C–E. The elachisinid (Caenogastropoda) Laeviphitus sp. C. Small specimen with preserved protoconch, from Ca' Rovereti (NRM Mo 204837). D. Close-up on transition between proto- and teleoconch, from Ca' Rovereti (NRM Mo 204838). E. Tall specimen (MSF 1204) from Le Colline. F–G. Naticidae indet. sp. 1. F. Shell embedded in rock matrix, from Castiglion dei Pepoli (MGGC 22304). G. Operculum (MSF 1218). H. Naticidae indet. sp. 2 from Guzzano (MGGC 22305). I–K. Pisanianura? pusilla Bellardi 1872, from Castel di Casio. I. Specimen with remains of siphonal canal and shell sculpture (MGGC 22306). J. Small, internal mold (MGGC 22307). K. Large specimen with preserved shell (MGGC 22308). L. Semicassis aff. reticulata (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1840), Castiglion dei Pepoli (MGGC 22310).

Fig. 7. Neogastropoda Wenz, 1938 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 7. Neogastropoda Wenz, 1938 and Heterobranchia Burmeister, 1837 from Miocene Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–C. The eosiphonid Eosipho hoernesi (Bellardi, 1872). A–B. Specimen with well-preserved aperture, from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1070). C. Specimen showing details of spiral ornament, from Ca' Rovereti (NRM Mo 204839). D. The buccinid Neptunea? sp. from Le Colline (MSF 2359). E–F. The olivid Olivella longispira Bellardi, 1882. E. From Le Colline (MSF 1202). F. From Guzzano (MGGC 22310). G. The turrid Turris citima (Bellardi, 1877), from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1307). H–I. The turrid Turricula sp., from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1081). J. The pyramidellid (Heterobranchia) Turbonilla sp., from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1305).

Fig. 5 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 5. Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980, Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986 and Neomphalina McLean, 1981 from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–G. The colloniid (Vetigastropoda) Homalopoma domeniconii Moroni, 1966. A–B. MSF 2357 from Ca' Piantè. C–D. MSF 2365 from Ca' Piantè. E–G. MSF 1216 from Le Colline. H–L. The fissurellid (Vetigastropoda) Fissurella costicillatissima Sacco, 1897, from Le Colline. H–I. Specimen with remnants of surface sculpture (MSF 1214). J–L. Internal mold showing mantle attachment scars and foramen (MSF 1213). M–N. The lottiid (Patellogastropoda) Tectura? cf. taurinensis Sacco, 1897, from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1310). O–Q. The neomphaline Retiskenea? sp. from Ca' Cavalmagra. O–P. MSF 2364. Q. MSF 1312.

Fig. 3. Chilodontaidae Wenz, 1938 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 3. Chilodontaidae Wenz, 1938 (Vetigastropoda) from the Miocene Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–C. Putzeysia diversii sp. nov. A–B. Holotype, Ca' Piantè (MSF 1079). C. Paratype, Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1300). D–F. Chilodontaidae indet., Le Colline (MSF 1209).

Fig. 1 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 1. Sampling sites in northern Italy. A. Their locations in northern Italy, numbers correspond to those in panel B. B. Stratigraphic ages of the sampling sites. Map produced using the GeoMapApp (https://www.geomapapp.org/, Ryan et al. 2009).

Fig. 2. Seguenzioidea A.E. Verrill, 1884 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 2. Seguenzioidea A.E. Verrill, 1884 (Vetigastropoda) from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–J. The cataegid Cataegis taurocrassa (Sacco, 1895). A–D. Complete specimen from Le Colline (MSF 1230). E–F. Specimen partly embedded in rock matrix (MSF 2351). G–H. Complete specimen from Ca' Piantè (MSF 2352). I–J. Complete specimen from Ca' Piantè (MSF 2353). K–L. The calliotropid Calliotropis sp. from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1076).

Figure 25 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 25. Results of confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) of recently mineralized and ancient fossil annelid tubes (see online edition for colour version). Tubes are imaged in auto-fluorescence mode, where areas of fluorescence likely reflect the presence of organic matter. A, detail of mineralized Escarpia southwardae (Siboglinidae) tube transverse section. B, fossil tube from Upper Waiau River, New Zealand (UWT3-4), detail of transverse section. C, fossil tube from West Fork Satsop River, Washington State, USA (WFSR 1A), detail of transverse section. D, fossil tubes from Bexhaven, New Zealand (BXG), detail of two near-transverse sections. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm.

Figure 24 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra of the organic tubes of vent and seep annelids. Spectra are offset on the absorbance axis, and key spectral absorbance peaks are labelled with the types of chemical bonds they represent: -NH, nitrogenhydrogen; -CH, carbon-hydrogen; -OH, oxygen-hydrogen. The regions of the tube analysed are as follows: Tevnia jerichonana (anterior, inner tube wall); Zenkevitchiana longissimi (middle, outer tube wall); Lamellibrachia anaximandri (posterior, outer tube wall); Sclerolinum contortum (anterior, outer tube wall); Alvinella sp. (middle); Spiochaetopterus izuensis (middle, outer tube wall).

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a total of 64 modern and fossil annelid taxa and 48 mostly morphological tube characters. Analyses were performed using implied character weighting, with the concavity constant set as default (k = 3; A), and also set to downweight homoplastic characters less (k = 4; B). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Modern taxa are coloured according to taxonomic groups; fossil taxa are in grey. A, consensus of 271 most parsimonious trees (best score = 15.387, consistency index = 0.195, retention index = 0.264); B, consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees (best score = 13.568, consistency index = 0.232, retention index = 0.569). Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.

Figure 21 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 21. Principal coordinate analysis plot of modern and fossil annelid tubes, based on the 48 characters scored for this study. Fossils (grey crosses): 1. Yamankasia rifeia; 2, Eoalvinellodes annulatus; 3, 'Sibay tubes'; 4, Tevidestus serriformis; 5, 'Figueroa tubes'; 6, 'Sassenfjorden area tubes'; 7, 'Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek tubes'; 8, 'Prince Patrick tubes'; 9, 'Ellef Ringnes tubes'; 10, 'Troodos attached tubes'; 11, 'Troodos wrinkled tubes'; 12, 'Troodos collared tubes'; 13, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; 14, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; 15, 'Omagari tubes'; 16, 'Canyon River tubes'; 17, 'Murdock Creek tubes'; 18, 'West Fork Satsop River tubes'; 19, Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven'; 20, 'Upper Waiau River tubes'; 21, 'Rocky Knob tubes'. Modern tubes: Chaetopteridae (orange dots): 22, Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus; 23, Chaetopteridae id83; 24, Phyllochaetopterus polus; 25, P. gigas; 26, P. claparedii; 27, P. prolifica; 28, P. socialis; 29, Spiochetopterus izuensis; 30, S. sagamiensis; 31, S. costarum; 32, S. typicus; 33, Mesochaetopterus taylori. Siboglinidae, frenulata (dark blue filled triangles): 34, Galathealinum arcticum; 35, Lamellisabella denticulata; 36, Oligobrachia gracilis; 37, Polybrachia canadensis; 38, Siboglinum ekmani; 39, S. lacteum; 40, Siphonobrachia lauensis; 41, Unibrachium colombianum; 42, Zenkevitchiana longissima; 43. Siboglinidae, Sclerolinum (light blue outline triangle): S. contortum; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferans (light purple filled inverted triangles): 44, Alaysia spiralis; 45, Arcovestia ivanovi; 46, Escarpia southwardae; 47, Lamellibrachia anaximandri; 48, Paraescarpia echinospica; 49, Ridgeia piscesae; 50, Riftia pachyptila; 51, Tevnia jerichonana; 52, Seepiophila jonesi; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferan roots (dark purple outline inverted triangles): 53, E. southwardae root; 54, L. anaximandri root; 55, S. jonesi root; 56, P. echinospica root; Alvinellidae (maroon outline diamond): 57, Alvinella sp.; Ampharetidae (fuchsia outline rhombus): 58, Glyphanostomum sp.; Serpulidae (lime filled squares): 59, Serpulidae sp. JCR; 60, Serpula vermicularis; 61, Vermiliopsis infundibulum; Sabellidae (yellow outline squares): 62, Sabella pavonina; 63, Megalomma vesiculosum; Oweniidae (dark green outline dot): 64. Owenia fusiformis.