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252 results for “Colonisation”
Modelling of excitation propagation on computer models of insoles colonised by fungal mycelium. Videos and potential difference recordings.
<p>We used an artistic image of the mycelium network projected onto a $364 \times 985$ nodes grid. <br> The original image $M=(m_{ij})_{1 \leq j \leq n_i, 1 \leq j \leq n_j}$, $m_{ij} \in \{ r_{ij}, g_{ij}, b_{ij} \}$, where $n_i=364$ and $n_j=985$, and $1 \leq r, g, b \leq 255$, was converted to a conductive matrix $C=(m_{ij})_{1 \leq i,j \leq n}$ derived from the image as follows: $m_{ij}=1$ if $r_{ij}>170$, $g_{ij}>170$ and $b_{ij}<200$; a dilution operation was applied to $C$. </p> <p>FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) equations is a qualitative approximation of the Hodgkin-Huxley model of electrical activity of living cells:<br> \begin{eqnarray}<br> \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} & = & c_1 u (u-a) (1-u) - c_2 u v + I + D_u \nabla^2 \\<br> \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} & = & b (u - v),<br> \end{eqnarray}<br> where $u$ is a value of a trans-membrane potential, $v$ a variable accountable for a total slow ionic current, or a recovery variable responsible for a slow negative feedback, $I$ {is} a value of an external stimulation current. The current through intra-cellular spaces is approximated by<br> $D_u \nabla^2$, where $D_u$ is a conductance. The term $D_u \nabla^2 u$ governs a passive spread of the current. The terms $c_2 u (u-a) (1-u)$ and $b (u - v)$ describe the ionic currents. The term $u (u-a) (1-u)$ has two stable fixed points $u=0$ and $u=1$ and one unstable point $u=a$, where $a$ is a threshold of an excitation.</p> <p>We integrated the system using the Euler method with the five-node Laplace operator, a time step $\Delta t=0.015$ and a grid point spacing $\Delta x = 2$, while other parameters were $D_u=1$, $a=0.13$, $b=0.013$, $c_1=0.26$. We controlled excitability of the medium by varying $c_2$ from 0.05 (fully excitable) to 0.015 (non excitable). Boundaries are considered to be impermeable: $\partial u/\partial \mathbf{n}=0$, where $\mathbf{n}$ is a vector normal to the boundary. </p> <p>To record dynamics of excitation in the network, as if in laboratory experiments, we simulated electrodes by calculating a potential $p^t_x$ at an electrode location $x$ as $p_x = \sum_{y: |x-y|<2} (u_x - v_x)$. Configuration of electrodes $1, \cdots, 16$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mycelium}c. Time-lapse snapshots provided in the paper were recorded at every 100\textsuperscript{th} time step, and we display sites with $u >0.04$; videos and figures were produced by saving a frame of the simulation every 100\textsuperscript{th} step of the numerical integration and assembling the saved frames into the video with a play rate of 30 fps. </p> <p>Insole_01: Excitation started at electrode E2</p> <p>Insole_10: Excitation started at electrode E1</p> <p>Insole_11: Excitation started at electrodes E1 and E2</p> <p> </p>
Raw Data for Publication: Fungal colonisation on wood surfaces weathered at diverse climatic conditions
<p>Colour_Changes_Izola.csv</p> <p>This file contains CIE Lab* color coordinates measured on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Izola, Slovenia.</p> <p>Colour_Changes_Skelleftea.csv</p> <p>This file contains CIE Lab* color coordinates measured on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Skelleftea, Sweden.</p> <p>Contact_Angles_Izola.csv</p> <p>This file contains dynamic contact angle with distilled water measured on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Izola, Slovenia.</p> <p>Contact_Angles_Skelleftea.csv</p> <p>This file contains dynamic contact angle with distilled water measured on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Skelleftea, Sweden.</p> <p>Gloss.csv</p> <p>This file contains the gloss value measured on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Izola, Slovenia and Skelleftea, Sweden.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The sample IDs are structured as follows: The first letter represents the treatment condition, with "R" indicating untreated wood. The second letter (A, B, C) represents the board's ID. The third letter represents the location, with "S" indicating Skelleftea and "I" representing Izola, Slovenia. The number indicates the exposure time in weeks.</p> <p>FUNGAL STRAIS_DNA sequence analysis.xlsx</p> <p>This file contains the Genomic DNA of the fungal strains detected on the surface of Scots pine during the natural weathering test in Izola, Slovenia and Skelleftea, Sweden.</p> <p>Weather_Data_Izola.csv</p> <p>This file contains hourly local weather conditions in Izola, Slovenia</p> <p>Weather_Data_Skelleftea.csv</p> <p>This file contains hourly local weather conditions in Skelleftea, Sweden</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The weather conditions including the following parameters:1. Air temperature (°C), 2. Dew point (°C), 3. Relative humidity (%), 4. One-hour precipitation total (mm), 5. Snow depth (mm), 6. Wind direction (°), 7. Average wind speed (km/h), 8.Sea-level air pressure (hPa)</p>
Run and output files from: Holocene population expansion of a tropical bee coincides with early human colonisation of Fiji rather than climate change
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>There is substantial debate about the relative roles of climate change and human activities on biodiversity and species demographies over the Holocene. In some cases, these two factors can be resolved using fossil data, but for many taxa such data are not available. Inferring historical demographies of taxa has become common, but the methodologies are mostly recent and their shortcomings often unexplored. The bee genus <i>Homalictus</i> is developing into a tractable model system for understanding how native bee populations in tropical islands have responded to past climate change. We greatly expand on previous studies using sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI from 474 specimens and between 171 and 3,928 autosomal (DArTSeq) SNP loci from 19 specimens of the native Fijian bee, <i>Homalictus fijiensis</i> (Perkins & Cheesman, 1928), to explore its historical demography using coalescent and mismatch analyses. We ask whether past changes in demography were human- or climate-driven, while considering analytical assumptions. We show that inferred changes in population sizes are too recent to be explained by past climate change. Instead we find that a dramatic increase in population size for the main island of Viti Levu coincides with increasing occupation by humans and their modification of the environment. We found no corresponding change in bee population size for another major island, Kadavu, where human populations and agricultural activities have been historically very low. Our analyses indicate that molecular approaches can be used to disentangle the impacts of humans and climate change on a major tropical pollinator and that stringent analytical approaches are required for reliable interpretation of results. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Crenidorsum aroidephagus Martin & Aguiar sp. nov. (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae), a New World whitefly species now colonising cultivated Araceae in Europe, Macaronesia and The Pacific Region
FIGURE 1. Computer-montage image of slidemounted puparium of Crenidorsum aroidephagus Martin & Aguiar sp. nov. ex- Philodendron gloriosum, Berlin Botanic Garden, with lingula unfolded and excluded from vasiform orifice.
FIG. 18 in Snakes of the lower/middle Miocene transition at Vieux Collonges (Rhône, France), with comments on the colonisation of western Europe by colubroids
FIG. 18. — Representatives of the families Boidae, Colubridae (Colubrinae + Natricinae), Elapidae and Viperidae reported from the Miocene localities of France, Germany and Czech Republic. Numbers in the table represent the numbers of specimens.
FIGURE 2 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 2. Correlation of the Central and Eastern Paratethyan regional stages with standard chronostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy modified after Harzhauser et al. (2004), Studencka, (1999), Ionesi (1991), and Vernyhorova (2015).
FIGURE 1 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 1. Geographic location map of the Volhynian fossil-bearing sites: 1 – Brykiv; 2 – Vilkhovets; 3 – Kolubaivtsi; 4 – Khotin; 5 – Hrushivtsi; 6 – Khonkivtsi; 7 – Karpov Yar (Naslavcea); 8 – Darabani; 9 – Ghireni; 10 – Cordăreni; 11 – Hănești; 12 – Mitoc; 13 – Drăgușeni; 14 – Stâncești; 15 – Leucucești; 16 – Basarabi; 17 – Stăuceni; 18 – Erbiceni; 19 – Românești; 20 – Aroneanu; 21 – Voinești; 22 – Amvrosiivka; 23 – Saur-Mohyla.
FIGURE 5 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 5. Marine mammals from the Volhynian beds of the Moldavian Platform: A – Phocinae indet. 2, scapula and caudal vertebra, Stăuceni; B – Kentriodon fuchsii, a lumbar vertebra, dorsal and posterior view, Basarabi; C – Kentriodontidae indet. 1 (cf. Imerodelphis thabagarii), lumbar vertebra, dorsal and anterior view, Saur-Mohyla; D – Kentriodontidae indet. 2, caudal vertebra, anterior and lateral view, Stăuceni; E – Kentriodontidae indet. 2, thoracic vertebra, anterior view, Stâncești; F – Kentriodontidae indet. 3, caudal vertebra, anterior and lateral view, Stăuceni; G – Pachyacanthus sp., thoracic vertebra, anterior and lateral view, Vilkhovets; H – Cetotheriidae indet., caudal vertebra, dorsal and lateral view, Stăuceni; I-J –? Mysticeti indet. ("Archaeocetus fockii"), rib fragment, lateral view and cross-section (I), caudal vertebra (J), dorsal and lateral view, Drăgușeni. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A–I and 5 cm in J.
FIGURE 4 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 4. The partial skeleton of a true seal (Phocinae indet. 1) from the Volhynian beds of Kolubaivtsi (Ukraine). Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 6 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 6. The periotic bone of Kentriodon fuchsii from the Volhynian of Stăuceni (Romania) in ventral (A), lateral (B), and posterior view (C). Abbreviations: abf, anterior bullar facet; ap, anterior process; fc, ventral foramen of the facial canal; fo, fenestra ovalis; fr, fenestra rounda; pbf, posterior bullar facet; pc, pars cochlearis; pb, periotic body; pp, posterior process; vt, ventrolateral tuberosity. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
FIGURE 3 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 3. Fish remains from the Volhynian beds of Romania and Ukraine: A-B – Sarmatella doljeana (Kramberger, 1884), anterior part of the body (A), and caudal part (B), Leucuşeşti; C – Clupeinae gen. et sp. indet., isolated scale, Voineşti; D-E – Scombroidei indet., caudal part (D), Erbiceni, and middle part of the body (E), Aroneanu; F – Sparus brusinai (Kramberger, 1882), skeleton, Hrushivtsi; G-H – Sparus cf. brusinai (Kramberger, 1882), right dentary in lateral (G) and dorsal view (H), Pârâul lui Gheorghe; I – Bothus parvulus (Kramberger, 1883), body imprint, Româneşti. Scale bars equal 2 mm in C, 5 mm in A-B, D-E, G-I, and 2 cm in F.
FIGURE 7 in The Volhynian (late Middle Miocene) marine fishes and mammals as proxies for the onset of the Eastern Paratethys re-colonisation by vertebrate fauna
FIGURE 7. Suggested scheme of marine vertebrate fauna dispersal in the Eastern Paratethys during the Volhynian age (modified after Schneider et al., 2013).
Fig. 5 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK
Fig. 5. Detail of the barnacle Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015, from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. In C, D, individuals are "kippered"—split along the sagittal plane. Locations of specimens on concretion shown in dashed boxes in SOM: fig. 2. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK
Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, upper surface of limestone concretion showing wood mould and associated specimens of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) and Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015. See SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery.
Fig. 1 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK
Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphy of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte and associated beds. A. Location of Ilminster, Somerset, England, UK and Lower Jurassic outcrop pattern in the area. B. Limestone concretion of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte exposed in situ north of Ilminster during excavations of the site in 2019. Folding knife is 9 cm long. C. Stage information, and ammonite zones and subzones. D. Local lithostratigraphic scheme for the same timescale. E. Simplified sedimentary log at Strawberry Bank with the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte shaded in pink (after Williams et al. 2015 and Boomer et al. 2021).
Fig. 4 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK
Fig. 4. Three dimensional rendering of the X-ray computed tomographic data of fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 from the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. Dashed lines delineate the top and bottom edge of the wood mould (see SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery).
Fig. 3 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK
Fig. 3. Detail of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) specimens from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, showing stacking of individuals, articulation and orientation in relation to the wood. Dashed line in A marks the top edge of the wood mould. Locations of specimens on concretion correspond to numbered specimens on SOM: fig. 2 as follows: A, specimens 40 to 44; B, specimen 1; C, specimen 20; D, specimen 38.
Fig. 2 in Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe
Fig. 2 Differences between habitats in the number of species of adult (a) or larval (c) flesh flies and abundance of adult flesh flies (b). Sex ratio of the most abundant species (d). Differences between flesh flies and blowflies in the preappearance interval of the first instar larvae (e) and
Fig. 1 in Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe
Fig. 1 Shape of sixth and seventh sternite of female abdomen of the six species of Sarcophaga collected in experiments. a S. albiceps, b S. argyrostoma, c S. carnaria species group, d S. caerulescens, e S. melanura and f S. similis
Fig. 2 in Morphological and genetic data suggest a complex pattern of inter-island colonisation and differentiation for mining bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Andrena) on the Macaronesian Islands
Fig. 2 Median Joining network of Andrena species (Micrandrena) of the Canary Islands and the Madeira Archipelago. Circle size is relative to number of haplotype copies present in dataset. A branch represents a single nucleotide change (mutation); bars on branches represent inferred missing haplotypes (single nucleotide changes). LG La Gomera, LP La Palma. The colours correspond to those used to represent the location of species on islands in Fig. 1
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