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20 results for “Colour Pattern Evolution”
Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns
Variation in the conspicuousness of colour patterns is observed within and among defended prey species. The evolution of conspicuous colour pattern in defended species can be strongly impaired because of increased detectability by predators. Nevertheless, such evolution of the colour pattern can be favoured if changes in conspicuousness result in Müllerian mimicry with other defended prey. Here, we develop a model describing the population dynamics of a conspicuous defended prey species, and we assess the invasion conditions of derived phenotypes that differ from the ancestral phenotype by their conspicuousness. Such change in conspicuousness may then modify their level of mimicry with the local community of defended species. Derived colour pattern displayed in this focal population can therefore be either exactly similar, partially resembling or completely dissimilar to the local mimicry ring displaying the ancestral colour pattern. We assume that predation risk depends (1) on the number of individuals sharing a given colour pattern within the population, (2) on the occurrence of co-mimetic defended species, and (3) on the availability of alternative edible prey. Using a combination of analytical derivations and numerical simulations, we show that colour patterns that are less conspicuous than the ancestral one are generally favoured within mimicry rings, unless reduced conspicuousness impairs mimicry. By contrast, when a mutation affecting the colour pattern leads to a shift toward a better protected mimicry ring, a more conspicuous colour pattern can be favoured. The selected aposematic pattern then depends on the local communities of defended and edible prey, as well as on the detectability, memorability and level of mimicry of the colour patterns.
Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns
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Datasets and scripts from: Sensory-based quantification of male colour patterns in Trinidadian guppies reveals no support for parallel phenotypic evolution in multivariate trait space
<p>Parallel evolution, in which independent populations evolve along similar phenotypic trajectories, offers insights into the repeatability of adaptive evolution. Here, we revisit a classic example of parallelism, that of repeated evolution of brighter males in the Trinidadian guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). In guppies, colonisation of low predation habitats is associated with emergence of 'more colourful' phenotypes since predator-induced viability selection for crypsis weakens while sexual selection by female preference for conspicuousness remains strong. Our study differs from previous investigations in three respects. First, we adopt a multivariate phenotyping approach to characterise parallelism in multi-trait space. Second, we use ecologically-relevant colour traits defined by the visual systems of the two selective agents (i.e. guppy, predatory cichlid). Third, we estimate population genetic structure to test for adaptive (parallel) evolution against a model of neutral phenotypic divergence. We find strong phenotypic differentiation that is inconsistent with a neutral model but very limited support for the predicted pattern of greater conspicuousness at low predation. Effects of predation regime on each trait were in the expected direction, but weak, largely non-significant, and explained little among-population variation. In multi-trait space, phenotypic trajectories of lineages colonising low from high predation regimes were not parallel. Our results are consistent with reduced predation risk facilitating adaptive differentiation, potentially by female choice, but suggest that this proceeds in independent directions of multi-trait space across lineages. Pool-sequencing data also revealed SNPs showing greater differentiation than expected under neutrality, among which some are found in genes contributing to colour pattern variation, presenting opportunities for future genetic study.</p>
Datasets and scripts from: Sensory-based quantification of male colour patterns in Trinidadian guppies reveals no support for parallel phenotypic evolution in multivariate trait space
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Figure 9 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 9. Haplotype networks of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage for each of three nuclear genes: internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and arginine kinase (ArgK). Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each connecting line a base change. Haplotypes are coloured to represent similarly coloured sublineages in Figure 6. Numbers refer to voucher specimens listed in Table S1. Dashed lines connect heterozygous alleles (a1, a2) from an individual. Grey circles and lines for PEPCK and ArgK represent reconstruction using alternative phase haplotypes with the percentages of those haplotypes indicated.
Figure 3 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 3. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Orientalibombus) haemorrhoidalis sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.
Figure 6. A in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 6. A, Bayesian phylogeny of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage inferred using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) + 16S. Unique sublineages are highlighted on the tree in different colours and their localities are circumscribed on the map (B). Average per cent sequence divergence is indicated on deeper nodes with COI divergences above and 16S divergences below. Voucher numbers for each specimen (Table S1) are listed in parentheses after colour pattern names and distribution.
Figure 2 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 2. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Megabombus) trifasciatus sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.
Figure 8. Cytochrome oxidase I in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 8. Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) + 16S genetic distances between pairs of individuals from Figure 6 compared to their geographical distances. Distances between unique sublineages coloured in Figure 6 are in grey. Inferred withinlineage distances are coloured here by lineage. The line represents the trend of isolation by distance within Bombus trifasciatus s.s.
Figure 5 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 5. Per cent darkness of wings across the distribution of Bombus trifasciatus, Bombus breviceps, and Bombus haemorrhoidalis lineages. In B. trifasciatus two hierarchical levels of relationship are outlined: solid lines represent the major coloured sublineages inferred in Figure 6, and dashed lines represent higher-level bifurcations supported by mitochondrial, nuclear, and some morphometric data. The question mark indicates Bombus trifasciatus magrettianus, which has uncertain sublineage affinity.
Figure 4 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 4. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Alpigenobombus) breviceps sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing. Some of the specimens from China have variation in whether pleura and/or, more rarely, the dorsal mesosoma, are more yellowish or orange.
Figure 7 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 7. Comparison of Bombus trifasciatus lineage uncorrected pairwise genetic distances to genetic distances typically observed within and between Bombus species. A, histogram of maximum intraspecific divergences using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding fragment for 70 species available in BOLD Data Systems. B, histogram of 16S genetic distances between pairs of undisputed sister species in the bumble bee phylogeny. These are compared to boxplots representing the distribution of genetic distances for these fragments for major splits between B. trifasciatus sublineages (A–F), and for COI, to divergences within each of these sublineages (a–e).
Figure 13. A in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 13. A, colours at right were assigned to each of these 24 colour regions for all terminal taxa to assess ancestral patterns and rates of colour evolution for each body region. Diagram coding follows Williams (2007). B, terminal and reconstructed ancestral colour patterns mapped onto the Bombus trifasciatus lineage Bayesian phylogeny. Question marks indicate nonsignificant Bayesian character state reconstructions.
Figure 12 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 12. Haplotype networks of sequences of cytochrome oxidase I + 16S for A, the Bombus breviceps lineage and B, the Bombus haemorrhoidalis lineage. Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each line represents a single base change unless otherwise indicated. Numbers are voucher numbers from Table S1.
Figure 1 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 1. Colour patterns of the type specimens of the species/subspecies belonging to three South-East Asian comimetic species sensu Williams (1998), including their approximate geographical distribution. This demonstrates the colour pattern diversity and convergence on multiple mimicry groups across these species. Data sources: Bingham, 1897; Pendlebury, 1923; Richards, 1929, 1931; Frison, 1935; Skorikov, 1938; Tkalců, 1968, 1974, 1989; Sakagami, 1972; Williams, 1991, 1998.
Data from: The evolution of colour pattern complexity: selection for conspicuousness favours contrasting within-body colour combinations in lizards
Many animals display complex colour patterns that comprise several adjacent, often contrasting colour patches. Combining patches of complementary colours increases the overall conspicuousness of the complex pattern, enhancing signal detection. Therefore, selection for conspicuousness may act not only on the design of single colour patches, but also on their combination. Contrasting long- and short-wavelength colour patches are located on the ventral and lateral surfaces of many lacertid lizards. As the combination of long- and short-wavelength-based colours generates local chromatic contrast, we hypothesized that selection may favour the co-occurrence of lateral and ventral contrasting patches, resulting in complex colour patterns that maximize the overall conspicuousness of the signal. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comparative phylogenetic study using a categorical colour classification based on spectral data and descriptive information on lacertid coloration collected from the literature. Our results demonstrate that conspicuous ventral (long-wavelength-based) and lateral (short-wavelength-based) colour patches co-occur throughout the lacertid phylogeny more often than expected by chance, especially in the subfamily Lacertini. These results suggest that selection promotes the evolution of the complex pattern rather than the acquisition of a single conspicuous colour patch, possibly due to the increased conspicuousness caused by the combination of colours with contrasting spectral properties.
Figure 11 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 11. Relative height to breadth of malar space across sublineages of Bombus trifasciatus.
Data from: Colour pattern homology and evolution in Vanessa butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalini): eyespot characters
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Data from: The evolution of colour pattern complexity: selection for conspicuousness favours contrasting within-body colour combinations in lizards
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 10 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 10. Features in (A), including ocular and ocellar distances and malar heights and breadth, in addition to flagellomere data (Table S2) were used for (B), multivariate principal components (PC) clustering of Bombus trifasciatus sublineages. C, wing venation landmarks used for wing morphometrics were used for a PC clustering analysis (D). Dashed lines outline the three higher sublineages inferred from the genetic data.
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