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10 results for “Commonness and rarity”
Cross-scale drivers of woody plant species commonness and rarity in the Brazilian drylands
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: <span>Locally abundant species are typically widespread, while locally scarce species are geographically restricted – the </span>so-called abundance-occupancy relationships (AORs)<span>. AORs help explain the drivers of species rarity and community assembly</span>, but little is known about how variation around such relationships is driven by species traits and niche-based processes, particularly in tropical woody plants. We<span> tested the hypothesis that AORs in tropical dryland woody plants are positive and mediated by niche and functional traits along environmental gradients.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong><span>: The Caatinga dry forest and Cerrado savannah, Brazil.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong><span>: We aggregated abundance and occurrence data into grid-cells representing local (10-km) to landscape scales (50-km). We calculated species mean relative abundance at occupied grid-cells (local abundance) and the proportion of grid-cells occupied (occupancy), and estimated their niche breadth and marginality along multivariate environmental gradients. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: AORs were positive but weak at different scales in both regions due to some locally abundant but geographically restricted species, with most species being both locally and geographically rare. Cross-species variation in local abundance was largely unpredictable, but occupancy was strongly driven by niche and functional traits, with a prominent negative effect of niche marginality. Geographically restricted species were associated with rare habitats,</span><span> such as wetter and less intensively used habitats. Large seeds and abiotic dispersal favoured occupancy in Caatinga at small and large spatial scales, respectively, whereas species with conservative leaves were more widespread across scales in Cerrado. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong><span>: Woody plants in dry tropical biotas exhibit weak AORs, likely related to low habitat availability and dispersal limitation. Caatinga and Cerrado emerge as environmentally structured at multiple spatial scales, with several habitat-specialist rare species bearing specific regenerative and resource-use traits and relying on conditions threatened by climate change and land-use intensification. </span>Examining AORs through the lens of niche, functional traits and spatial scales enables mapping patterns and drivers of species commonness and rarity, enhancing understanding of species assembly and providing tools for biodiversity conservation.</p>
Fig. 2 in Trapping methods and apparent commonness and rarity of small carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae, Cholevinae)
Fig. 2. Lichtenbeek data plotted against those from Wijster (log scale).
Fig. 1 in Trapping methods and apparent commonness and rarity of small carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae, Cholevinae)
Fig. 1. Lichtenbeek data plotted against the baited-pitfall data from Růžička (1994).
Cross-scale drivers of woody plant species commonness and rarity in the Brazilian drylands
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Data from: Commonness, rarity and oligarchies of woody plants in the tropical dry forests of Mexico
We assessed woody plant communities in two widely separated forests in the tropical dry forest (TDF) biome of Mexico for evidence of similar patterns of species commonness and rarity. We used belt transects laid out along contour lines (i.e., constant elevation) and stratified across elevation gradients at sites in Jalisco and Oaxaca to sample woody plant species diversity, abundance, relative frequency and basal area. We assembled a combined species list and compared species found in both sites (shared) to species found in only one site, assessing whether the most and least common species at a site tended to be shared or unshared. Of the 8242 individuals sampled, 370 species or morpho-species were identified, with 222 species recorded at the Jalisco site and 270 at the Oaxaca site—122 (33%) species were shared across sites. Abundance, frequency and basal area of shared species were greater on average than for unshared species, and were positively correlated across sites. A subset of 68 shared species (18%) accounted for over half of all individuals encountered at the two sites. Species in the most common quartile were more likely to be shared than expected by chance, while species in the least common quartile were less likely. A genus-level analysis found similar patterns. Our findings suggest that the TDF of Pacific coast Mexico shows evidence of widespread dominance by a small subset of species. These findings have potentially important implications for predicting species composition, understanding the role of oligarchic species in ecological processes, and conserving rare species.
Data from: A unified model explains commonness and rarity on coral reefs
Abundance patterns in ecological communities have important implications for biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem functioning. However, ecological theory has been largely unsuccessful at capturing multiple macroecological abundance patterns simultaneously. Here, we propose a parsimonious model that unifies widespread ecological relationships involving local aggregation, species-abundance distributions, and species associations, and we test this model against the metacommunity structure of reef-building corals and coral reef fishes across the western and central Pacific. For both corals and fishes, the unified model simultaneously captures extremely well local species-abundance distributions, interspecific variation in the strength of spatial aggregation, patterns of community similarity, species accumulation, and regional species richness, performing far better than alternative models also examined here and in previous work on coral reefs. Our approach contributes to the development of synthetic theory for large-scale patterns of community structure in nature, and to addressing ongoing challenges in biodiversity conservation at macroecological scales.
Data from: A unified model explains commonness and rarity on coral reefs
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Data from: Commonness, rarity and oligarchies of woody plants in the tropical dry forests of Mexico
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Data from: Commonness and rarity of alien and native plant species – the relative roles of intraspecific competition and plant–soil feedback
The success of invasive alien and common native species may be explained by the same underlying mechanisms. Differences in intraspecific competition as well as differences in plant–soil feedback have been put forward as potential determinants of plant success. We teased apart the relative roles of competition and plant–soil feedback in a greenhouse experiment with 30 common and rare alien and native species from nine plant families. We tested whether plant biomass decreased less for common than rare species, regardless of origin, when grown at higher relative frequencies (1, 3 or 6 out of 9 plants per pot) in a community and in soil previously conditioned by the same species at different frequencies (0, 1, 3 or 6 out of 9 plants per pot) in an orthogonal design for these two factors. Plant survival decreased slightly, but non-significantly, for all species when grown in soil previously occupied by conspecifics. Among surviving plants, we found a decrease in biomass with increasing intraspecific competition across all species (regardless of origin or commonness), and alien species were more negatively affected by previous high plant frequency than native species, but only marginally significantly so. Our findings suggest that, while intraspecific competition limits individual biomass in a density-dependent manner, these effects do not depend on species origin or commonness. Notably, alien species but not natives showed a decrease in performance when grown in soil pre-conditioned with a higher frequency of conspecifics. In conclusion, soil-borne pathogen accumulation might be weak in its effects on plant performance compared to intraspecific competition, with neither being clearly linked to species commonness.
Data from: Commonness and rarity of alien and native plant species – the relative roles of intraspecific competition and plant–soil feedback
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