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FIGURE 6 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 6 | Bayesian topology and species delimitation using Generalized Mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC), Bayesian Poisson Tree Process (bPTP) and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) discriminating species denominated pilombetas.

FIGURE 3 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 3 | Fresh specimens of the species identified in the study area. A. Anchoviella brevirostris (75.5 mm SL), B. Anchoviella cayennensis (90.3 mm SL), C. Anchoviella lepidentostole (83.2 mm SL), D. Anchovia clupeoides (120 mm SL), E. Cetengraulis edentulus (104.4 mm SL), F. Lycengraulis grossidens (98.7 mm SL). Photographs were taken by the first author.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Principal Components Analysis indicating the visual ordination of the six species of pilombetas in the morphospace. Estimated changes in dorsal and ventral view shape are shown as deformations from the mean shape along the first and second principal components.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Location of anatomical landmarks used for morphometric analyses: 1- distal point of the rostrum; 2- posterior end of the head; 3-anterior insertion of the dorsal fin; 4- insertion of the first upper radius of caudal fin; 5-insertion of the first lower radius of caudal fin; 6-anterior anal fin insertion; 7- insertion of the ventral fin; 8-insertion of the pectoral fin; 9- posterior end of the eye; 10- anterior end of the eye.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Map of the sampling locality of pilombetas specimens in São Francisco estuary, northeastern Brazil. EPA = Environmental Protection Area.

FIGURE S2 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE S2. Von Mises stress and strain distributions and the displacement field distribution for Connochaetes Alcelaphus buselaphus when elastic modulus is E=10000 MPa, E=25000 MPa and E=50000 MPa for a non-homogen (case B) when the coloured scale in the legend is the same for the three cases.

FIGURE S1 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE S1. Von Mises stress and strain distributions and the displacement field distribution for Connochaetes taurinus and Alcelaphus buselaphus when elastic modulus is E=10000 MPa, E=25000 MPa and E=50000 MPa for a homogeneous material (case A) when the coloured scale in the legend is the same for the three cases.

FIGURE 3. 3.1 von Mises stresses, 3.2 von Mises strains, 3.3 Displacements, 3.4 von Mises stress relationship with reference value, 3.5 von Mises strain relationship with reference value and 3.6 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE 3. 3.1 von Mises stresses, 3.2 von Mises strains, 3.3 Displacements, 3.4 von Mises stress relationship with reference value, 3.5 von Mises strain relationship with reference value and 3.6 Displacement relationship with reference value in front of variation in the elastic modulus (E) in points P and Q.

FIGURE 2 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE 2. von Mises Stress Distribution, von mises strain distribution and Displacement field distribution for Connochaetes taurinus and Alcelaphus buselaphus when elastic modulus is E=10000 MPa, E=25000 MPa and E=50000 MPa for a homogeneous material (case A).

FIGURE 5. 5.1 von Mises stresses, 5.2 von Mises strains, 5.3 Displacements, 5.4 von Mises stress relationship with reference value, 5.5 von Mises strain relationship with reference value and 5.6 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE 5. 5.1 von Mises stresses, 5.2 von Mises strains, 5.3 Displacements, 5.4 von Mises stress relationship with reference value, 5.5 von Mises strain relationship with reference value and 5.6 Displacement relationship with reference value in front of variation in the elastic modulus (E) in points P and Q.

FIGURE 1 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE 1. Boundary conditions, forces applied in the studied jaws, location of points P and Q and separated regions where the Non-homogeneous properties are applied for the Connochaetes taurinus and Alcelaphus buselaphus.

FIGURE 4 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE 4. von Mises Stress Distribution, von Mises strain distribution and displacement field distribution for Connochaetes taurinus and Alcelaphus buselaphus when elastic modulus is E=10000 MPa, E=25000 MPa and E=50000 MPa for a non-homogeneous material (case B).

FIG. 5. — Phylogenetic hypotheses including Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia

FIG. 5. — Phylogenetic hypotheses including Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 192 most parsimonious trees (MPTs), obtained from the first analysis (all taxa, all morphological characters), tree length (TL) = 1318, consistency index (CI) = 0.275, retention index (RI) = 0.741, see the full tree in Supplementary Data S3 (Appendix 3); B, close up of the Podocnemis clade shown in (A). C, close up of the Podocnemis clade obtained in the strict consensus from the second analysis excluding all fossil Podocnemis except P. tatacoensis n. sp., see the full tree in Supplementary Data S4 (Appendix 4), MPTs = 48, TL = 1310, CI = 0.277, and RI = 0.744. Bootstrap (upper) and Bremer support (lower) indices are shown for some clades in (B) and (C); D, close up of the Podocnemis clade obtained from the total evidence analysis that produced a single MPT, TL = 4225, CI = 0.699, and RI = 0.794, as in the morphology only analyses, P. tatacoensis n. sp. is found to be part of Podocnemis and closer to the extant P. unifilis and the fossil P. negrii. Symbol: *, fossil taxa.

FIG. 4 in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia

FIG. 4. — Left hyoplastron-peripherals region in extant and some fossil podocnemidids: A, B, Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp., specimen VPPLT-1727; C, D, P. vogli UF- 39060; E, F, P. unifilis MTKD-45847; G, P. unifilis CRI-2778; H, P. unifilis ICN-6455; I, J, P. erythrocephala CRI-6023; K, P. erythrocephala CRI-8207; L, P. erythrocephala CRI-1194; M, N, P. expansa USNM-29476; O, P. expansa NMW-35550; P, P. expansa AMNH-62947; Q, R, P. sextuberculata CRI-6543; S, P. sextuberculata CRI-2830; T, P. sextuberculata CRI-5500; U, V, P. lewyana ICN-7653; W, P. lewyana MNHN-286; X, P. lewyana ICN-1699; Y, Z, P. pritchardi UCMP-63782; A', B', Erymnochelys madagascariensis NMW-1811; C', E. madagascariensis MNHM-1534; D', E. madagascariensis NMW-139; E', F', Peltocephalus dumerilianus CRI-1344; G', Pe. dumerilianus CRI-3295;H', Pe. dumerilianus CRI-7524.Red circle indicates the close-up region showed in the right images. Green arrows indicate the axillary musk foramen of the hyoplastron (character 222), and red arrows indicate the lateral musk foramen or foramina at the hyoplastron-peripherals contact (character 269). Specimens not to scale.

FIG. 3. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia

FIG. 3. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. details of its anatomy: A, B, close-up of the keeled neurals 2-4; C, D, left costal 1 in ventral view, sowing the shape of the axillary scar; E, left posterior margin of the carapace showing the bone predation trauma occurred to the peripherals; F, left peripherals 10-11 where the bone healed from the injury increasing the thickness and smoothing the surface; G, H, view of the right pelvic girdle; I, J, close-up of the three lateral musk foramina of the left hyoplastron-peripherals region. Abbreviations: axs, axillary scar; co, costal; hyo, hyoplastron; ili, ilium; isc, ischium; ker, keel rigde; M, marginal scute; mfo, musk foramina; ne, neural; sp, suprapygal; P, pleural scute; pe, peripheral; pub, pubis; py, pygal; res, resin; V, vertebral scute; xip, xiphiplastron. Scale bars: A, B, E, G, H, 2 cm; C, D, 1 cm; F, I, J, 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic context and temporal frame for Podocnemididae: A, chronostratigraphic context for the Honda Group (La Victoria and Villavieja formations), including the magnetostratigraphy, cartographic units, horizons and radiometric ages, as well as where the fossil podocnemidids occur including Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. Redrawn and modified from Montes et al. (2021); B, time of origination for the genera and some species of Podocnemididae based on the molecular hypothesis of Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2008) and fossil record (this study) for the clades that they represent. Abbreviations: Fm, formation; Gr, group; H, Holocene; L, Langhian; M, magnetostratigraphic chrons; Ma, million of years; Pleistoc., Pleistocene; Qut, Quaternary. Dotted lines indicate ghost lineage duration.

FIG. 1. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia

FIG. 1. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. from the Middle Miocene (Serravallian), La Tatacoa Desert, Colombia: A, B, carapace in dorsal view; C, D, shell in left lateral view; D, shell in anterior view; F, G, plastron in ventral view. Abbreviations: Abd, abdominal scute; Ana, anal scute; co, costal; ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; Ext, extragular scute; Fem, femoral scute; Hum, humeral scute; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; Int, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; mes, mesoplastron; mfo, musk foramina; ne, neural; nu, nuchal; P, pleural scute; pe, peripheral; Pec, pectoral scute; sp, suprapygal; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xip, xiphiplastron. Reconstructed bones showed in yellow shading. Scale bar: 10 cm.

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Natural hybrid origin of a controversial "species", Clematis pinnata (Ranunculaceae), based on multidisciplinary evidence

Hybridization is common and has often been viewed as a driving force of plant diversity. However, it may raise problems in taxonomy, biodiversity estimation, and biological conservation. Although previous molecular phylogenetic studies suggested that hybridization may be rather common in Clematis, and artificial hybridization has been widely applied to produce new Clematis cultivars for nearly two centuries, the issue of natural hybridization of Clematis has never been addressed in detail. In this study, we tested the hybrid origin of Clematis pinnata, a rare and taxonomically controversial species distributed in northern China. Using field observations, morphological statistics, flow cytometry, niche modelling, and phylogenomic analysis, we tested the hypothesis of the possible hybrid origin of C. pinnata. The results show morphologically intermediacy of C. pinnata between the putative progenitors. Homoploidy among all the tested species is confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Niche modelling results demonstrate that C. pinnata had not been adapted to a novel ecological niche independent of its putative parents. The plastome phylogeny indicates that C. pinnata plants in different sampling sites originated by different hybridization events. Phylonet and HyDe analyses based on transcriptome data corroborate the hybrid origins of C. pinnata from C. brevicaudata×C. heracleifolia/C. tubulosa. Rare introgression event between C. brevicaudata and C. heracleifolia/C. tubulosa was also detected in this study. These findings show that C. pinnata is representing F1 progeny or early generation hybrids of its parental species and evolved independently in different sites. The present study also indicates that interspecific or even intersectional hybridization is a common mechanism that the genus Clematis uses to generate diversity and variation, and it may play an important role in the evolution and diversification of this genus. Our study implies that morphological diversity caused by natural hybridization may overstate the real species diversity in Clematis.

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FIGURE 5 in Integrative systematics unveils the controversial identity of Engraulidae fishing stocks in a Neotropical estuary, northeast Brazil

FIGURE 5 | Canonical Variables Analysis discriminating for six pilombetas species.