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Figure 5 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)

Figure 5. Typical habitat of Boana dentei at Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão (Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil): a slow-moving body of water on muddy bottom associated with a temporary pond, flowing through a forest clearing next to a brook (not shown in the photograph).

Figure 3 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)

Figure 3. Tadpole of Boana dentei (lot UFMG 2444) at Gosner stage 29: (a) lateral, (b) dorsal, (c) ventral views (scale bar = 5 mm), and (d) oral disc (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

Figure 4 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)

Figure 4. Vocal repertoire of Boana dentei. (a) A four-note call (ca. 1.1 s; each tick along the x-axis corresponds to 0.2 s) composed of three note types (a, b, and c) in the following sequence: C/A/A/B. Oscillogram and spectrogram of (b) the three first notes in the four-note call (a note C followed by two notes A); and of (c) the last note in the four-note call (a note B). Call voucher CECC 2494, recorded from the type locality (Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil). Sound recording: Boana_dentei_CECC4.

Figure 2 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)

Figure 2. Life colours in adult topotypes of Boana dentei. (a–c) Male, CFBH 43260: SVL = 35.5 mm; (d–f) Female, CFBH 43261: SVL = 45.9 mm.

Figure 1 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)

Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of topotypes of Boana dentei. (a–b) Male CFBH 43260: SVL = 35.5 mm; (c–d) Female, CFBH 43261: SVL = 45.9 mm; (e) Detail on the heels (right heel with a conical tubercle, which is absent on left heel) of the male AAG-UFU 6416: SVL = 35.1 mm. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of oral roof (A) and floor (B) of Bokermannohyla diamantina at stage 35 (UFMG 1060). Scale bars = 2 mm. (1) Detail of the anterior region of roof: prenarial arena papillae (prnp); anteromedial vacuity of internal nares (amv); internal nares (in); narial valve projection (nvp); lateral ridge papilla (lrp); median ridge (mr); postnarial papillae (ptnp). (2) Detail of the posterior region of roof: lateral roof papillae (lrp); buccal roof arena (bra); buccal roof arena papillae (brap); dorsal velum (dv); secretory pits (sp). (3) Detail of the anterior region of floor: infralabial papillae (ilp); lingual papillae (lpa); lingual anlage (la); buccal pocket (bp); prepocket papillae (ppp). (4) Detail of the posterior region of floor: buccal floor arena (bfa); buccal floor arena papillae (bfap); vv (ventral velum); median notch (mn); glottis (g). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 8. The lateral line system of Bokermannohyla diamantina (UFMG 1060) in a stage 38 specimen. (A) Lateral view of body indicating the angular (AN), infraorbital (IO), longitudinal oral (LOR), anterior oral (AOR), posterior supraorbital (PSO), and ventral (V) lines. Scale bar = 2 mm. (B) Dorsal view of body showing the supraorbital (SO), infraorbital (IO), posterior infraorbital (PIO), middle (M), and dorsal (D) lines. Scale bar = 2 mm. (C) Detail of the tail and the courses of the dorsal (D) and middle (M) lines. Scale bar = 10 mm. (D) Detail of vent tube region of the body showing the ventral line of neuromasts (V), and, encircled, the associated ventrolateral cumulus of neuromasts (N). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 7. Oral disc of Bokermannohyla diamantina (UFMG 1060): (A) a typical oral disc of a specimen at stage 37. (B) Presence of few submarginal papillae laterally in the oral disc of a specimen at stage 36. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 6. Bokermannohyla diamantina (UFMG 1060) at stage 37: (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral views. Scale bar = 10 mm. Details of (D) spiracular aperture, (E, F) margin of left nostril with well-developed triangular and small round fleshy projections, respectively. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. (G) Vent tube of a specimen at stage 35. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 5. SEM micrographs of oral roof (A) and floor (B) of Bokermannohyla caramaschii at stage 37 (UFMG 1418). Scale bars = 2 mm. (1) Detail of the anterior region of roof: prenarial arena papillae (prnp); anteromedial vacuity of internal nares (amv); internal nares (in); narial valve projection (nvp); lateral ridge papilla (lrp); median ridge (mr); postnarial papillae (ptnp). (2) Detail of the posterior region of roof: lateral roof papillae (lrp); buccal roof arena (bra); buccal roof arena papillae (brap); dorsal velum (dv); secretory pits (sp). (3) Detail of the anterior region of floor: infralabial papillae (ilp); lingual papillae (lpa); lingual anlage (la). (4) Detail of the posterior region of floor: buccal floor arena (bfa); buccal floor arena papillae (bfap); buccal pocket (bp); prepocket papillae (ppp); vv (ventral velum); median notch (mn); glottis (g). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 3. The lateral line system of Bokermannohyla caramaschii (UFMG 1418) in a stage 36 specimen. (A) Lateral view of body indicating the angular (AN), infraorbital (IO), longitudinal oral (LOR), anterior oral (AOR), posterior supraorbital (PSO), and ventral (V) lines. (B) Dorsal view of body showing the supraorbital (SO), infraorbital (IO), posterior infraorbital (PIO), middle (M), and dorsal (D) lines. Scale bars = 2 mm. (C) Detail of the tail and the distribution of the dorsal (D) and middle (M) lines. Scale bar = 10 mm. (D) Detail of the vent tube region of body showing the ventral line of neuromasts (V) and, encircled, the associated ventrolateral cumulus of neuromasts (N). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. A in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 4. A tadpole at stage 37 (A) and a froglet (B) of Bokermannohyla caramaschii in life (UFMG 1418).

FIGURE 2 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 2. Oral discs of Bokermannohyla caramaschii (UFMG 1418): a closed (A) and opened (B) typical oral disc of a specimen at stage 37. Note the three posterior emarginations and the reduced P4. (C) Unusual presence of flap with labial teeth anteriorly to A1 in a specimen at stage 34. (D) The less common LTRF 2(2)/3(1) of an individual at stage 29. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The tadpoles of two species of the Bokermannohyla circumdata group (Hylidae, Cophomantini)

FIGURE 1. Bokermannohyla caramaschii (UFMG 1418) at stage 35: (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral views. Scale bar = 10 mm. Details of (D) spiracular aperture, (E, F) margin of right nostrils with trapezoidal and triangular fleshy projections, respectively. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. (G) vent tube. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 3 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 3. Dorsal view of hands showing sexual dimorphism of the spine-shaped distal prepollex (A–F) and m. abductor pollicis longus (G–J; highlighted in brown; tendons of insertion in white; m. extensor digitorum and m. extensor carpi ulnaris removed). A, B, cleared and stained; C–F, X-ray images (taken from the website Anfíbios del Ecuador; Ron et al., 2019). (A) male (CFBH 11545) and (B) female (CFBH 3620) of Bokermannohyla hylax; (C) male (QCAZ 72533) and (D) female (QCAZ 72549) of Hyloscirtus hillisi; (E) male (QCAZ 15085) and (F) female (QCAZ 16705) of H. tapichalaca. Males of all species with ossified prepollex. Females of Bokermannohyla hylax and H. hillisi with cartilaginous prepollex, and from H. tapichalaca with ossified prepollex. (G) Male (UFMG 19338) and (H) female (UFMG 10680) of Bokermannohyla martinsi, showing an evident difference in relative size of m. abductor pollicis longus between sexes; (I) male (MZUSP 140287) and (J) female (MZUSP 140289) of Boana faber, with no evident difference in muscle relative size. (A, B, D, F–H) right hand; (C, E, I–J) left hand (reflected for easier comparison with the remaining figures). Scale bar 1 mm (A and B); 5 mm (C–F); 3 mm (G–J).

Figure 5 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 5. Bokermannohyla hylax (UFMG 732), male, left hand. The mm. dorsometacarpales indicis proximales are highlighted in red (tendons of insertion highlighted in white). The medial (A) and lateral (B) muscles are indicated. Different slips of the medial muscle are numbered as follows: (1) medial slip originating on the distal prepollex; (2) intermediate slip originating on the medial surface of the proximal epiphysis of metacarpal II; (3) lateral slip originating on the dorsomedial and proximal surface of metacarpal II, contiguous to the lateral muscle. Scale bar 2 mm.

Figure 6 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 6. Optimization of 17 characters associated with the prepollex and metacarpal II on the phylogenetic hypothesis of Lyra et al. (2020). Numbers above branches refer to characters; numbers below are the character states. For character definitions see the text (Hypotheses of homology). For character 1, competing hypotheses are shown in red and blue, respectively (see text for discussion). One question mark on species name indicates missing entries for myological characters; two question marks indicate missing entries for both myological and osteological characters. An asterisk indicates the original terminal taxa Boana claresignata, Phrynomedusa dryade and Scinax staufferi that were substituted on the present study by Boana clepsydra, P. appendiculata and S. cruentomma, respectively (see Material and Methods). Continued in Figure 7 for Boana. See Supporting Information, File S5 for individual character optimizations.

Figure 1 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 1. Dorsal view of clear and double-stained (A–H) and micro-CT reconstructions (I–K) of hands of adult males of species with blade-shaped distal prepollex. Numbers are 'character.character-state' (see Hypotheses of homology for details). A, Hyloscirtus bogotensis ICN 4420; B, H. platydactylus ICN 10471; C, H. callipeza VR 5150; D, H. antioquia ICN 9392; E, Aplastodiscus ehrhardti CFBH 3183; F, A. albosignatus CFBH 4944; G, H, Boana semilineata CFBH 10524 and 10530, respectively; I, Myersiohyla neblinaria USNM 562071; J, M. chamaeleo AMNH-A 131173; K, Hyloscirtus armatus USNM 206715. Inset in (K) is a transversal slice view corresponding to the white dashed line on the distal prepollex. The distal prepollex has a medial dorsoventral expansion (Ch. 2.1) in (K), absent in the others. A medial cartilaginous margin (Ch. 4.1) occurs in (A), (C), (D) and (E), and is barely distinct in (B); ossified (Ch. 4.0) in the others. The lateral margin of the distal prepollex is straight (Ch. 5.1) in (C, D); concave (Ch. 5.0) in the others. The metacarpal II articulates with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the proximal epiphysis (Ch. 10.1) in (G, H); without a medial expansion (Ch. 10.0) in the others. The metacarpal II has a dorsomedial process on the point of insertion of the m. abductor pollicis longus (Ch. 11.1) in (B–D); the process is absent in the others (Ch. 11.0). Sesamoid (in red) occuring medially to distal epiphysis of metacarpal II and medially to the distal prepollex (Ch. 12.1) in (K); absent in the others. DC2 = distal carpal 2; DC3-4-5 = distal carpal 3-4-5; DPP = distal prepollex; MII–V = metacarpals II to V respectively; RA = radiale; UL = ulnare; Y = element Y (fractured in A); * = proximal prepollex; X = additional distal elements. For figure clarity, different character states are indicated only in part of the images. Scale bars 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 4. Dorsal hand musculature showing variation on the insertion of the m. abductor pollicis longus (highlighted in brown; tendons of insertion in white; m. extensor digitorum removed). A, Myersiohyla chamaeleo MZUSP 159198; B, Hyloscirtus palmeri ICN 20087; C, Aplastodiscus perviridis UFMG 9851; D–E, Boana semilineata CFBH 13013; F, Boana pombali CFBH 36791. Two insertions, one on metacarpal II and other, wider, on the prepollex in (A) and (F); one tendon on metacarpal II in (B) and (C); two tendons on metacarpal II in (D, E). In (D) the muscle is intact and seems to present only one insertion, but after dissecting its origin and deflecting the muscle (E) it is possible to see the two insertions on metacarpal II. (B, D–F) right hand; (A, C) left hand (reflected for easier comparison with the remaining figures). Scale bars 1 mm.