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Fig. 2 in Wintering Rooks, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), And Their Helminths In Poltava And Kyiv, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Two-dimensional view of nMDS distribution of helminth infracommunities of Corvus frugilegus from two localities.

Fig. 3 in Wintering Rooks, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), And Their Helminths In Poltava And Kyiv, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Prevalence (A, B) and relative abundance (C, D) of helminths in the samples collected from wintering rooks, Corvus frugilegus in Poltava (A, C) and Kyiv (B, D).

Fig. 1 in Wintering Rooks, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), And Their Helminths In Poltava And Kyiv, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Males of Microtetrameres helix Cram, 1927 subspecies: A — Microtetrameres helix helix; B — Microtetrameres helix asiaticus.

Fig. 11 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 11 Rates of chatter calls in different magpie populations and individuals. a Each mark represents average chattering rate for a single bird from five populations indicated by colours. Figures are numbers for the outliers: 1, 2—jankowskii from the mixed population of Argun'; 3, 4, 5—hybrid birds from the hybridogeneous population of Kerulen. b Each mark represents average chattering rate for a series of chatterings of one selected individual representing jankowskii, leucoptera, and hybrid birds, respectively. Green mark—pair #6 jankowskii from Vladivostok; gray—pair #43 leucoptera from Tsasuchei, Transbaikalia; blue—pair #24 hybrids from Kerulen, eastern Mongolia. X-axis—number of elements per second in a total series of chattering; Y-axis— number of elements per second in a series of 5 elements of chattering

Fig. 12 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 12 Violin plot diagram of the chatter call speed (elements per second) of Eurasian magpie populations across regions. X-axis presents a set of populations; Y-axis—elements per second. Box outlines the interquantile range (25%, 75%), whiskers represent range without outliers, central bar is the median, red dot is the mean, and figure shape is the probability density. The brackets on the top denote statistically significant pairwise differences (GamesHowell test, p<0.05)

Fig. 9 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 9 Population genetic structure based on unlinked SNP markers. Scatter plots of principal component analysis (PCA) show individual variation in components one and two (a) and three and four (b). The amount of variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses. I—leucoptera,

Fig. 7 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 7 Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) for effective female population sizes for haplogroups, subspecies, and populations of Pica pica. a Comparison of 6 haplogroups, depicted in the network Fig. 4. b Comparison of 6 subspecies. c Comparison of 4 populations of P. p. jankowskii. d Comparison of 3 populations of P. p. leucoptera.

Fig. 6 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 6 Mismatch distribution of nucleotide differences in populations representing different haplogroups as at Figs. 4 and 5. X-axis— number of nucleotide differences; Y-axis—proportion (frequency). Solid lines—expected distributions (under expectation of population growth); dashed lines—observed distributions. a Haplogroup 1:

Fig. 5 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 5 Time-calibrated Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial control region sequences of Pica pica. Numbers at the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability values (left) and bootstrap values of the ML analysis (right, in percent). Triangle widths are proportional to specimen numbers. Blue bars next to nodes indicate 95% credibility intervals for their age estimates. The figures in bold and the time scale below are in million years (Ma) before present

Fig. 4 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic medianjoining network based on 256 mitochondrial control region sequences. Sizes of circles correspond to the number of birds sharing this haplotype; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions and those over 2 are shown at the branches. Haplogroups 1–6 are indicated by numbers

Fig. 2 in Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations

Fig. 2 Map of sampling localities for mitochondrial DNA analysis in the zone of contact between Pica pica leucoptera and Pica pica jankowskii. Distribution of haplotypes is indicated by colours: Pica

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 12. Passeriformes: Ploceidae, Sturnidae, Buphagidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Callaeidae, Grallinidae, Corcoracidae, Artamidae, Cracticidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, Cnemophilidae, Paradisaeidae, And Corvidae.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 12. Passeriformes: Ploceidae, Sturnidae, Buphagidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Callaeidae, Grallinidae, Corcoracidae, Artamidae, Cracticidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, Cnemophilidae, Paradisaeidae, And Corvidae". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/48769858-fe3b-415b-9ac8-3feeb42a9bae">https://bionomia.net/dataset/48769858-fe3b-415b-9ac8-3feeb42a9bae</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/48769858-fe3b-415b-9ac8-3feeb42a9bae">https://gbif.org/dataset/48769858-fe3b-415b-9ac8-3feeb42a9bae</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Deep ecomorphological and genetic divergence in Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri, Aves: Corvidae)

<p>The relationship between ecology and morphology is a cornerstone of evolutionary biology, and quantifying variation across environments can shed light on processes that give rise to biodiversity. Three morphotypes of the Steller’s Jay (<em>Cyanocitta stelleri</em>) occupy different ecoregions in western North America that vary in climate and landcover. These morphotypes (Coastal, Interior, Rocky Mountain) differ in size, plumage coloration, and head pattern. We sampled 1,080 Steller’s Jays from 68 populations (plus 11 outgroups) to address three main questions using data on morphology, plumage, genetics (mtDNA, microsatellites), and ecological niches: (1) How do phenotypic and genetic traits vary within and among populations, morphotypes, and ecoregions? (2) How do population-level differences in Steller’s Jays compare to other sister species pairs of North American birds? (3) What can we infer about the population history of Steller’s Jays in relation to past climates, paleoecology, and niche evolution? We found substantial morphological, genetic, and ecological differentiation among morphotypes. The greatest genetic divergence separated Coastal and Interior morphotypes from the Rocky Mountain morphotype, which was associated with warmer, drier, and more open habitats. Microsatellites revealed additional structure between Coastal and Interior groups. The deep mtDNA split between Coastal/Interior and Rocky Mountain lineages of Steller’s Jay (ND2 ~7.8%) is older than most North American avian sister species and dates to approximately 4.3 mya. Interior and Rocky Mountain morphotypes contact across a narrow zone with steep clines in traits and reduced gene flow. The distribution of the three morphotypes coincides with divergent varieties of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. Species distribution models support multiple glacial refugia for Steller’s Jays. Our integrative dataset combined with extensive geographic sampling provides compelling evidence for recognizing at least two species of Steller’s Jay.</p>

Fig. 2 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 2. Locations of bone sites in the Emine-Bair-Khosar Сave on the section (Vremir & Ridush, 2005 modified).

Fig. 3 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 3. Minimal and maximal values, arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD) for the total length of coracoideum, humerus, ulna, carpometacarpus, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus: PP — extant Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (after Tomek & Bochenski, 2000); PGg — extant Pyrrhocorax graculus graculus (after Tomek & Bochenski, 2000); PGv — Pyrrhocorax graculus vetus from the Emine-Bair-Khosar Cave (our data); n — number of specimens.

Fig. 1 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 1. Map showing the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene cave sites in the Crimean Peninsula yielding the remains of choughs (Pyrrhocorax): 1 — Emine-Bair-Khosar; 2 — Kiik-Koba; 3 — Kosh-Koba; 4 — AdzhiKoba; 5 — Sjuren 1; 6 — Alymivskyi Navis; 7 — Karani-Koba; 8 — Murzak-Koba; 9 — Fat'ma-Koba.

Fig. 5 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 5. Humerus (A) and coracoideum (C) of Pyrrhocorax graculus vetus from Emine-Bair-Khosar compared to respective bones (B, D) of Pyrrhocorax graculus. Arrows indicate a clear edge of the impressio musculus pectoralis (1) and a large tuberculum brachiale (2).

Fig. 4 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 4. Differences in the length of tubular bones of Pyrrhocorax graculus vetus and extant Pyrrhocorax graculus. Data on the remains from France and extant birds follow Mourer-Chauviré (1975). Measurements are presented according to the scheme in Mourer-Chauviré (1975).

Fig. 6 in One Or Two: How Many Species Of The Genus Pyrrhocorax (Passeriformes, Corvidae) Inhabited The Crimea During The Late Pleistocene?

Fig. 6. Measurements of humerus (А) and tarsometatarsus (В) of Pyrrhocorax graculus vetus from the EmineBair-Khosar Cave (Late Pleistocene, Ukraine), Pyrrhocorax graculus from Llonin Cave (Late Pleistocene, Spain) and extant Pyrrhocorax graculus.

Fig. 3 in Reduction Of The Breeding Population Of The Rook, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), In Ukraine: The Example Of The Eastern Part Of The Kyiv Region

Fig. 3. Kernel Density Estimation of number of the rook breeding group in the research area in 1983–1985 (A), and in 2021 (B). The highest density areas are highlighted in red; the lowest density areas are green.