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20 results for “Cyanogen”
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 6. Secondary structure models of the highly variable proximal part of helix 43 (S6, Fig. 1) in Zygaeninae. All structures are based on thermodynamic folding by minimizing the free energy and have been calculated considering the entire nucleotide sequence of helix 43. The change in the Gibb's free energy (dG) refers to the S6 structure only. Applied ambiguity code: G/A = R, C/U = Y.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 3. Consensus structure and base pair probability matrix of helix E23-5 (S3, Fig. 1) in Lepidoptera. Nucleotides in circles indicate consistent and/or compensatory substitutions. The size of squares in the grid is proportional to the probability of a base pairing. Note that the species Z. centaureae, Z. laeta and Z. huguenini have been omitted from this analysis because of their deviating secondary structure (compare with Fig. 4).
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 2. Distribution of pairwise tree edit distances between highly variable SSU rRNA secondary structure areas (S1–S6, Fig. 1) of Zygaenoidea excluding taxa of the subgenus Mesembrynus (top) and of Zygaena species belonging to the subgenus Mesembrynus only (bottom). The extreme values in the Zygaenoidea tree edit distance distribution on the right all involve Z. excelsa, a species showing a highly derived secondary structure in the area S6 (compare with Fig. 6).
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 1. Secondary structure model of the SSU (18S) rRNA gene sequence of Zygaena (Mesembrynus) sarpedon lusitanica Reiss, 1936 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae; accession no. AJ830858) and structure variation in the helices E10-1 and E23-12 among species of the subfamily Zygaeninae. Nucleotides in the model are continuously numbered beginning at the 5′-end of the molecule; tick marks identify every tenth base. Light shading indicate helices numbered according to Wuyts et al. (2002). S1–S6 (dark shades) denote areas with variable secondary structure in the subfamily Zygaeninae. Roman numerals specify the domains I, II, III and IV. The following ambiguity code has been applied: A/C = M, C/U = Y, G/A = R.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 7. Neighbour-joining tree based on structural differences in the variable areas S1–S6 (compare with Fig. 1) of the small-subunit (18S) rRNA in taxa of the genus Zygaena. The topology is rooted with Reissita simonyi and Epizygaenella caschmirensis as outgroup. Taxa of the subgenus Mesembrynus are indicated by shading. Numbers in parentheses specify the number of species in a particular group.
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Figure 5. Consensus structure and base pair probability matrix of the proximal part of helix 43 (S6, Fig. 1) in Lepidoptera. Nucleotides in circles indicate consistent and/or compensatory substitutions. The size of squares in the grid is proportional to the probability of a base pairing. Note that the unpaired nucleotides C and G in the helix will most likely bind in individual structures having this specific nucleotide combination, but non-Watson–Crick pairings are too frequent in the alignment for assuming a generally nucleotide interaction at this position in the consensus structure.
Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
<p><strong>Premise of the study:</strong> β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) stress. These functions are critical for all plants, as HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, but are likely to be especially important in cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, their expression has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor has it been compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine β-CAS and Aox gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis-associated HCN exposure. We identified all β-CAS and Aox gene copies present in the genome, including members of the <em>Aox1, Aox2a</em> and <em>Aox2d </em>subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes, and under conditions of leaf tissue damage compared to undamaged tissue. </p> <p><strong>Key results:</strong> Results indicate that β-CAS and Aox2a expression are differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and that tissue damage is not required to induce this increased expression. <em>Aox2d</em>, in contrast, appears to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for both HCN detoxification (via elevated β-CAS expression) and HCN-toxicity mitigation (via elevated <em>Aox2a </em>expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing-induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate-associated cyanogenesis clines. </p>
Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Fig. 6 in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 6. Proportion of nitrogen allocated to dhurrin and nitrate (NO3) in dried, finely ground tissues of S. bicolor, S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum plants at 35 d post-germination. A) Dhurrin allocation; B) Nitrate allocation; C) C:N ratio. Graphs show mean ± 1 standard error (n = 3). Columns with different letters within each tissue are significantly different (p <0.05).
Fig. 3 in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 3. Leaf characteristics of S. bicolor, S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum plants at six harvest points during the first 35 d post-germination. A) Total leaf number; B) Total leaf area (TLA); C) Specific leaf area (SLA); D) Leaf area ratio (LAR). Graphs show mean ± 1 standard error (n = 5), with statistically significant differences indicated at each time point: *p <0.05.
Fig. 5 in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 5. Tissue-specific hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp, mg HCN per g dw 1) and morphology of individual A) S. bicolor, B) S. brachypodum and C) S. macrospermum plants at six time points during seedling development. The HCNp of a section of the sheath, roots, and each individual leaf was measured at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days (D) post-germination. Colour scale indicates HCNp, used as a proxy for dhurrin concentration (green = low; red = high). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 4. Hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp, mg HCN per g dw 1) and concentration of nitrate (NO) in dried, finely ground tissues of S. bicolor, S. brachypodum and 3 S. macrospermum plants at six harvest points during the first 35 d post-germination (at 35 dpg only for NO3). A) Leaf HCNp; B) Sheath HCNp; C) Root HCNp; D) Total NO3. Graphs show mean ± 1 standard error (n = 5), with statistically significant differences indicated at each time point: *p <0.05. Columns with different letters within each tissue are significantly different (p <0.05). Data for leaf HCNp at 3 days post-germination not shown as a true leaf had not emerged at this stage.
Fig. 1 in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 1. Known geographic distribution of the two wild Sorghum species S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum and the site of collection of the accessions examined in the current study. Seeds were obtained from the Australian Grains Genebank (AGG), Horsham, Victoria. Occurrence records of S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum were obtained from the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), htt p://www.ala.org.au. Each blue circle represents an occurrence record of S. brachypodum and each orange circle represents S. macrospermum (circled). Collection localities of individual accessions examined here are marked by darker coloured circles. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Infrared Optical Constants of Crystalline Cyanogen at 100 K
<p>The optical constants of crystalline cyanogen (C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>) at 100 K in the wavenumber range from 3100 to 550 cm<sup>-1</sup> are given here. These data are discussed in a manuscript submitted to the Planetary Science Journal (Hudson & Gerakines 2023). </p> <p>The same data have been uploaded in two different formats: plain ASCII (C2N2_100K_n_k.txt) and Microsoft Excel (C2N2_100K_n_k.xlsx). </p>
Data from: Sequestration and biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in passion vine butterflies and consequences for the diversification of their host plants
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Contrasting defence mechanisms against spider mite infestation in Cyanogenic and Non-Cyanogenic legumes
GEO Series GSE253336. Phaseolus lunatus; Phaseolus vulgaris. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Genome wide gene-expression analysis of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae after long term host transfer from acyanogenic Phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'Prelude' bean plants to cyanogenic Phaseolus lunatus
GEO Series GSE50162. Tetranychus urticae. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
DNA methylation patterns associated with cyanogenic cassava exposure and konzo in Sub-Saharan Africa
GEO Series GSE180119. Homo sapiens. 32 samples. Type: Methylation profiling by genome tiling array.
Expression data from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and an isogenic HCN negative mutant (PAO6344), grown under cyanogenic conditions.
GEO Series GSE48587. Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Fig. 2. A in Variation in production of cyanogenic glucosides during early plant development: A comparison of wild and domesticated sorghum
Fig. 2. A) Biomass and B) projected growth rate of S. bicolor, S. brachypodum and S. macrospermum plants during the first 35 d post-germination. A) Biomass data are fitted with a three-parameter logistic model, with data for individual replicates (n = 5) presented at each harvest point (3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 dpg). B) Predicted relative growth rates derived from the model for each species. Shaded curves indicate 95% confidence bands.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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