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360 results for “Defence”
Data: Cutting the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences.
<p>File: levee_crest_height_reduction_per_country_version_July2021.nc<br>Fields: (1) Crest height reduction m per km along the populated coastline susceptible to flooding (return period = 100 years)<br> (2) Crest height reduction cost saving per country in million USD<sub>2005</sub> PPP along the populated coastline susceptible to flooding (return period = 100 years)<br> (3) Cost savings as percentage of GDP<sub>2005</sub> along the urban populated coastline susceptible to flooding (return period = 100 years)</p> <p>File: transectdata_version_July2021.nc<br> Transectdata of vegetated transects within the study area.<br>Fields: <br>(1) rps = return period <br>(2) fid = id of the transects<br>(3) centroids = coordinates of the transects<br>(4) inun = (1) in area susceptible to flooding<br>(5) urban = (1) in urban area, (0) not in urban area<br>(6) veg_width = derived coastal vegetation belt width along the foreshore<br>(7) veg_type = derived coastal vegetation type along the foreshore (1: salt marshes, 2: mangroves)<br>(8) hsig = Offshore significant wave heights (multiple return periods) corresponding to the transects<br>(9) wave period = Offshore peak wave period (multiple return periods) corresponding to the transects<br>(10) surge = Extreme water level combination of surge and tide (m +MSL) (multiple return periods)<br>(11) veg_z0 = elevation at the start of the vegetated zone (m +MSL)<br>(12) hrms_end_noveg = root mean square wave height at the end of the foreshore (without vegetation) (multiple return periods)<br>(13) hrms_endveg = root mean square wave height at the end of the foreshore (with vegetation) (multiple return periods) <br>(14) pdens_15km = population density derived using buffer of 15 kilometre radius</p>
Phage defence loci of Streptococcus thermophilus
<p><span>We describe the systematic identification and functional analysis of the phage resistome of <em>S. thermophilus </em>using a collection of 27 strains as representatives of the species. In addition to CRISPR-Cas and R/M systems, we uncover nine distinct phage-resistance systems including homologues of Kiwa, Gabija, Dodola, defence-associated sirtuins and abortive infection systems. The genes encoding several of these newly identified systems are located in proximity to the genetic determinants of CRISPR-Cas systems thus constituting apparent Phage Defence Islands. Other phage-resistance systems whose encoding genes are not co-located with genes specifying CRISPR-Cas systems may represent anchors to identify additional Defence Islands harbouring, as yet, uncharacterised phage defence systems. Remarkably, we estimate that up to 2.5 % of the genetic material of the analysed strains is dedicated to phage defence, highlighting that phage-host antagonism plays an important role in driving the evolution and shaping the composition of dairy streptococcal genomes.</span></p>
Planetary defence challenge dataset
<p>Inspired by the European Space Agency's <a href="https://www.heramission.space/">HERA</a> mission to investigate the Didymos binary asteroid system after NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/dart">DART</a> mission kinetic impactor test, this dataset was created as the "<strong>Planetary defence challenge</strong>". Hosted on ESAs competition platform <a href="http://kelvins.esa.int">Kelvins</a>, the task is to analyze measurements in form of simulated lightcurves that have been collected pre and post-impact. In total, 300 pairs of such pre- and post-impact measurements are provided. The goal is to estimate the β-factor, which is related to the momentum-transfer of the impactor and the axial ratio a/c of the secondary asteroid.</p> <p>The data of the lightcurve measurements contain</p> <ul> <li>time of measurement (in minutes)</li> <li>normalized total luminosity (maximum value: 1.0)</li> </ul> <p>For the first 200 lightcurve-pairs, the following information is given in <em>parameters.csv</em>:</p> <ul> <li>value of the β-factor (>= 1)</li> <li>J2 value of the primary</li> <li>a/c axial ratio of the secondary</li> </ul> <p>The goal of the challenge is to estimate the β-factor and a/c for the remaining 100 lightcurve pairs.</p> <p>For more details on the dataset and the competition, please visit <a href="https://kelvins.esa.int/planetary-defence/">https://kelvins.esa.int/planetary-defence/</a>.</p>
Ripple effects in a communication network: Anti-eavesdropper defence elicits elaborated sexual signals in rival males
<p>Emitting conspicuous signals into the environment to attract mates comes with the increased risk of interception by eavesdropping enemies. As a defence, a commonly described strategy is for signallers to group together in leks, diluting each individual's risk. Lekking systems are often highly social settings in which competing males dynamically alter their signalling behaviour to attract mates. Thus, signalling at the lek requires navigating fluctuations in risk, competition, and reproductive opportunities. Here, we investigate how behavioural defence strategies directed at an eavesdropping enemy have cascading effects across the communication network. We investigated these behaviours in the túngara frog (<em>Engystomops pustulosus</em>), examining how a calling male's swatting defence directed at frog-biting midges indirectly affects the calling behaviour of his rival. We found that the rival responds to swat-induced water ripples by increasing his call rate and complexity. Then, performing phonotaxis experiments, we found that eavesdropping fringe-lipped bats (<em>Trachops cirrhosus</em>) do not exhibit a preference for a swatting male compared to his rival, but females strongly prefer the rival male. Defences to minimize attacks from eavesdroppers thus shift the mate competition landscape in favour of rival males. By modulating the attractiveness of signalling prey to female receivers, we posit that eavesdropping micropredators likely have an unappreciated impact on the ecology and evolution of sexual communication systems.</p>
Tower Defence games specs
<p>CSV file contains specs from 40 different free mobile tower defence games. Games can be found in Google Play Store.</p>
Fig. 1. Residentmalependulinetitsreacttoplaybacksongandadummypendulinetit aroundtheirnest. Behaviouralresponsesincludedattacking, i.e in Acoustic Signalling In Eurasian Penduline Tits Remiz Pendulinus: Repertoire Size Signals Male Nest Defence
Fig. 1. Residentmalependulinetitsreacttoplaybacksongandadummypendulinetit aroundtheirnest. Behaviouralresponsesincludedattacking, i.e. peckingatthedummy, as
Fig. 2 in Acoustic Signalling In Eurasian Penduline Tits Remiz Pendulinus: Repertoire Size Signals Male Nest Defence
Fig. 2. SonogramsofsometypicalsyllabletypesofEurasianpendulinetits. Songbouts mayconsistofvarioussyllables (topandbottomsonograms) ormayincludemonotone
Fig. 3 in Acoustic Signalling In Eurasian Penduline Tits Remiz Pendulinus: Repertoire Size Signals Male Nest Defence
Fig. 3. Approachdistance (a) and % behaviouralresponses (b) towardsanintruderinre- lationtotheresidentmale'sownrepertoiresize. Behaviouralresponsesincludedcalling, singing, tailquiveringandattacking. Opencirclesindicateresponsesofchallengedresi- dentsonsmallrepertoireplayback, whereasfilledcirclesindicatethesamemales' respons- esonlargerepertoireplayback. Notethatpointsshownontheupperhalfregionof (a) represent males that were mostly present very close to their nest (15 m from the stimulus,
Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence on four Crotalaria host plants
<p>This dataset consists of data from three experiments testing how four different Crotalaria host plants affect Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence against a spider.</p> <p>The data are to be published in a paper accepted in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</p>
Ficus trees with upregulated or downregulated defence did not impact predation on their neighbours in a tropical rainforest
<p>Trees can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when under attack by herbivores, and these signals can also be detected by natural enemies and neighbouring trees. There is still limited knowledge of intra- and inter-specific communication in diverse habitats. We studied the effects of induced VOC emissions by three <em>Ficus</em> species on predation on the focal <em>Ficus</em> trees in a lowland tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Further we assessed predation across a phylogenetically diverse set of neighbouring tree species. Two of the focal tree species, <em>Ficus pachyrrhachis</em> and <em>F. hispidioides</em>, have strong alkaloid-based constitutive defences while the third one, <em>F. wassa</em>, is lower in constitutive chemical defences. We experimentally manipulated the jasmonic acid signalling pathway by spraying the focal individuals with either methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA). These treatments induce increases or decreases in VOC emissions, respectively. We tested the possible effects of VOC emissions on each focal <em>Ficus</em> tree and two of its neighbours by measuring the predation rate of plasticine caterpillars. We found that predation increased after the MeJA application in only one focal tree species, <em>F. wassa</em>, while the DIECA application had no effect on any of the three focal species. Further, we did not detect an effect of our treatments on predation rates across neighbouring trees. Neither the phylogenetic distance of the neighbouring tree from the focal tree nor the physical distance from the focal tree had any effect on predation rates for any of the three focal <em>Ficus</em> species. These results suggest that even congeneric tree species vary in their response to the MeJA and DIECA treatment and subsequent response to VOC emissions by predators. Our results also suggest that MeJA effects did not spill over to neighbouring trees in highly diverse tropical rainforest vegetation.</p>
Data and R script for 'Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)'
<p>Data files and R script for Dunn et al. "Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>)"</p> <p>Includes a single R script that produces all the analyses in the paper. The script makes use of three different .csv data files.</p>
Food quantity and quality modulates inducible defences in a common predator-prey system
<p><span>Zooplankton display different inducible defences against invertebrate and vertebrate predators. The response pattern to gape-limited invertebrate predators involves increased somatic growth and offspring body size but delayed maturity and reduced offspring numbers. In contrast to this general pattern, the freshwater model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> has been reported to exhibit a different response when encountering the gape-limited tadpole shrimp <em>Triops cancriformis</em>. Under laboratory conditions, <em>D. magna</em> showed increased somatic growth, earlier maturation, and an increase in both offspring number and size. We propose here that the discrepancy between the previously observed and the theory-based response patterns against invertebrate predators is due to differences in food availability in the applied laboratory settings and assessed whether the defensive response of <em>D. magna</em> against <em>T. cancriformis</em> is modulated differently by food quantity and quality. We found a strong impact of food quantity and quality on the defence response of <em>D. magna</em> to <em>T. cancriformis</em> kairomones. The prey seem to be able to overcome trade-offs between morphological defence traits and reproductive traits, but distinctly between high food quantity and high food quality. Thereby, reproductive traits were preferred over morphological defences. Furthermore, removal of particles from the <em>T. cancriformis</em>-conditioned water caused a defence pattern in <em>D. magna</em> that was consistent with the general response pattern known from other invertebrate predators, thus explaining the described discrepancy to previous studies with <em>T. cancriformis</em>. <span> </span>Our study highlights the importance of assessing food-related effects on predator-prey interactions to understand trophic relationships and food web processes.</span></p>
Evolved eavesdropping: sympatric but not allopatric honey bee species can detect and use hornet alarm pheromone for defence
<p>Eavesdropping is predicted to evolve between sympatric, but not allopatric, predator and prey. The evolutionary arms race between Asian honey bees and their hornet predators has led to a remarkable defence, heat-balling, which suffocates hornets with heat and carbon dioxide. We show that the sympatric Asian species, <em>Apis cerana</em>(Ac), formed heat balls in response to Ac and hornet (<em>Vespa</em><em>velutina</em>) alarm pheromones, demonstrating eavesdropping. The allopatric species, <em>Apis</em><em>mellifera</em>(Am), only weakly responded to a live hornet and Am alarm pheromone, butnot to hornet alarm pheromone. We observed typical hornet alarm pheromone releasing behaviour, hornet sting extension, when guard bees initially attacked. Once heat balls were formed, guards released honey bee sting alarm pheromones: isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (<em>E</em>)-2-decen-1-yl acetate, and benzyl acetate. Only Ac heat-balled in response to realistic bee alarm pheromone component levels, <1 bee-equivalent (1 µg), of isopentyl acetate. Detailed eavesdropping experiments showed that Ac, but not Am, formed heat-balls in response to a synthetic blend of hornet alarm pheromone. Only Ac antennae showed strong, consistent responses to hornet alarm pheromone compounds and venom volatiles. These data provide the first evidence that the sympatric Ac, but not the allopatric Am, can eavesdrop upon hornet alarm pheromone and uses this information, in addition to bee alarm pheromone, to heat-ball hornets. Evolution has likely given Ac this eavesdropping ability, an adaptation that the allopatric Am does not possess.</p>
List of European Security and Defence Policy / Common Security and Defence Policy Missions 1991-2017
<p>List of European Security and Defence Policy / Common Security and Defence Policy Missions 1991-2017</p>
Figure 1. A. Habitat where observations were carried out. B. Pupal clutches. C & D in A note on the defence by Eurema blanda Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) pupae in response to oviposition behaviour of the chalcid wasp Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)
Figure 1. A. Habitat where observations were carried out. B. Pupal clutches. C & D. Left and right ways movement of pupa in response to Brachymeria sp. E. Female Brachymeria sp. F. Newly emerged Eurema blanda from collected pupae.
Fig. 2 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms
Fig. 2. The consequences of inoculation of cane toads with larval lungworms, as a function of whether the toads had an undisturbed skin microbiota (group 1) or a disturbed (partially. removed) skin microbiota (group 2). Establishment success of the lungworms was measured by the mean percentage ± SE of the larva that established themselves as adults in the lungs after 18 days.
Fig. 3 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms
Fig. 3. Histological photomicrographs of toad skin. Skin sections from the lateral body of toad A are depicted in images 1 (sham wiping with a gloved hand) and 2 (microbiota removal technique using sterile cotton gauze). Skin sections from the dorsal body of toad B are depicted in images 3 (sham) and 4 (microbiota removal technique). Notations identifying major skin structures are shown in image 1: E, epidermis, D, dermis, G, large granular gland and stratum corneum (arrowhead). Haematoxylin and eosin stain. Bar = 100 μm in all images.
Fig. 1 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms
Fig. 1. The steps involved in the two experimental treatments. The undisturbed skin of group 1 toads was swabbed for microbes 48 h after being exposed to lungworm larvae so that the swabbing process did not disturb the microbiota before exposure. The skin of group 2 toads was swabbed before and after being wiped with sterile gauze so that the efficacy of this disturbance or "cleaning" action could be evaluated. Group 2 toads were exposed to lungworm larvae after the second swab.
Figure 1 in An investigation of predator-induced defence responses in ciliated protozoa
Figure 1. Effect of different predators on Euplotes muscorum. Results are means of three independent replicates for each treatment; ''eaten'', E. muscorum cells ingested by predators; ''cysts'', encysted E. muscorum cells; ''alive'', uningested, trophic E. muscorum cells.
Figure 2 in An investigation of predator-induced defence responses in ciliated protozoa
Figure 2. Prey width distributions of Colpidium kleini from the experiment described in Table II, i.e. (a) in the absence of predators; (b) in the presence of Euplotes sp. Each distribution was calculated after 24 h and represents the mean of three replicates (n5150).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.