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FIGURE 1 in Reorganizing parasitic Delesseriaceae: taxonomic revision of Asterocolax

FIGURE 1: Bayesian Inference tree for the ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 DNA sequence alignment of Asterocolax, their hosts, and related species. Parasites are in bold with arrows pointing at their host. Phylogenetic tree includes proposed nomenclatural changes and previous Asterocolax species nomenclature. Values on the arrows represent sequence similarity (% pairwise identity) between host and parasite. The type species of Asterocolax described by Feldmann & Feldmann (1951) is indicated by ⊕. The values on nodes refer to Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and bootstrap values (right). The lack of sequence divergence between of the Asterocolax gardneri sequences from California infecting Phycodrys isabellae (*) is not representative of the original figure (Goff et al. 1997, Fig. 1). The new species described in this study are indicated by § and ‡. Data generated in this study are denoted by underlined text.

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FIGURES 5–7 in Reorganizing parasitic Delesseriaceae: taxonomic revision of Asterocolax

FIGURES 5–7: Phycodrys denticulatus FIGURE 5: Mature parasitic pustule of Phycodrys denticulatus on its host Phycodrys fimbriata. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 6: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Phycodrys denticulatus stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of Phycodrys denticulatus and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 7: 5 µm cross section of Phycodrys denticulatus infecting Phycodrys fimbriata stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURE 13 in Reinstatement of Phrix (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on DNA sequence analyses and morpho-anatomical evidence

FIGURE 13. ML phylogeny of the Delesseriaceae inferred from partial LSU ribosomal DNA sequences. Bootstrap values for ML (>50%; left) and posterior probabilities for BI (>0.5; right) are given on each branch. The scale is in units of nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIGURE 14 in Reinstatement of Phrix (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on DNA sequence analyses and morpho-anatomical evidence

FIGURE 14. ML phylogeny of the Delesseriaceae inferred from partial COI gene sequences. Bootstrap values for ML (>50%; left) and posterior probabilities for BI (>0.5; right) are given on each branch. The scale is in units of nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIGURES 7–11 in Reinstatement of Phrix (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on DNA sequence analyses and morpho-anatomical evidence

FIGURES 7–11. Phrix spatulata (E.Y. Dawson) comb. nov. 7. Apex of blade with numerous fusiform spermatangial sori in series between lateral veins of the wings. Scale bar = 200 μm. 8. Permanent mount slide showing folded blade margin and sori (one indicated by arrow) with branching of spermatangial mother cells and spermatangia (one indicated by small arrow). Scale bar = 50 μm. 9. Excised mature blade 18 mm long with 6 secondary blades. Scale bar = 2 mm. 10–11. Permanent mount slide showing apical (10) and middle (11) parts of blade. Note undivided pericentral cells (arrows show one in each Fig) as well as incipient spermatangial sori (one indicated by asterisk in Fig. 11). Scale bars = 50 μm.

FIGURE 12 in Reinstatement of Phrix (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on DNA sequence analyses and morpho-anatomical evidence

FIGURE 12. ML phylogeny of the Delesseriaceae inferred from partial rbcL gene sequences. Bootstrap values for ML (>50%; left) and posterior probabilities for BI (>0.5; right) are given on each branch. The scale is in units of nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIGURES 1–6 in Reinstatement of Phrix (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on DNA sequence analyses and morpho-anatomical evidence

FIGURES 1–6. Phrix spatulata (E.Y. Dawson) comb. nov. 1. Living branches ramifying through dead blade. Scale bar = 50 μm. 2. Live filament extends through axial filament of dead blade and into culture medium. Scale bar = 150 μm. 3. This filamentous basal system attached to glass was derived from a single excised filament. The levorotary growth pattern expands outward. At the center of the basal disc numerous coalescent parallel filaments occur at the bases of developing blades. Scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Formation, coalescence and elongation of horizontal filaments. Shoot on right with central axial filament enclosed by parallel adherent branches bearing oblique uniseriate laterals projecting toward middle shoot also enclosed by parallel filaments. Middle shoot has 3 uniseriate laterals growing toward and attaching to uniseriate shoot on left. Scale bar = 100 μm. 5. Basal system of radiating filaments developing into thick structure of adherent parallel filaments projecting up and around lower blade. Scale bar = 70 μm. 6. Two young blades arising from thickened bases like that in Fig. 5 entangled with live filaments. Scale bar = 200 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Transfer of the monospecific genus Nienburgella (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) to Phycodrys, based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 4. Phycodrys radicosa (Okamura) Yamada & Inagaki from Korean coast. Vegetative morphology. A–E. Habits of female gametophyte (A, JN13102600045), tetrasprophyte (B, JN15012100001), and vegetative thalli (C, JN14091000006; D, JN14091000001; E, JN14091000003). F. Basal part of thallus. G. Multicellular rhizoids (arrowheads) along the margins of lower part of blade. H–I. Surface views of middle (H) and upper (H) parts of blade. J. Cortical cells with discoid chloroplasts. K–M. Cross-sections through lower (K), middle (L), and interveinal (M, arrow) portions of blade. N–O. Cells arrangement of blade apex with growing pattern (numbers: orders of cell rows, i: cells produced by intercalary cell division). Scale bars: C–E = 2 cm; A, B = 1 cm; F = 3 mm; I = 2 mm; H = 300 µm; G = 200 µm; K–M = 100 µm; J, N = 50 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Transfer of the monospecific genus Nienburgella (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) to Phycodrys, based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 5. Phycodrys radicosa (Okamura) Yamada & Inagaki from Korean coast. Female (A–M) and tetrasporic (O–P) reproductive structures. A. Apex of marginal proliferation with procarps (arrowheads). B–G. Development process of immature procarp (cb1–3: cell numbers of carpogonial branch; cbi: carpogonial branch initial; cc: central cell; sc: supporting cell; st1: first sterile-cell group; st1i: first sterile-cell group initial; st2i: second sterile-cell group initial). H–I. Inferior (H) and superior (I) surface views of same point of mature procarp (cp: carpogonium; st2: second sterile-cell group; tr: trichogyne). J–K. Inferior (J) and superior (K) surface views of same point of post-fertilized stage (au: auxiliary cell; cbs: cells in carpogonial branch). L. Cross-section through an immature cystocarp (fu: fusion cell; gi: gonimoblast initial). M. Cross-section through a mature cystocarp. N–O. Surface views of tetrasporangial sori (t: tetrasporangia; ts: tetrasporangial sori). P. Cross-section through a tetrasporangium (ti: tetrasporangial initial). Scale bars: N = 1 mm; M, O = 100 µm; A, L, P = 50 µm; B–20 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Transfer of the monospecific genus Nienburgella (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) to Phycodrys, based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 2. Nienburgella angusta (A.D. Zinova) Perestenko from the eastern coast of South Korea. Vegetative morphology. A–B Habits of tetrasporophyte (A, JN13102600046) and female gametophyte (B, JN13102600045). C. Multi-cellular rhizoids (arrowheads) along the margins of lower part of thallus. D. Surface view of middle part of main branch showing marginal rhizoids (arrowheads) and proliferation. E. Cortical cells with discoid chloroplasts. F–H. Cross-sections through apical (F), middle (G), and lower (H) part of blade. I–J. Cells arrangement of young blade with apical growing pattern (numbers: orders of cell rows, i: cells produced by intercalary cell division). Scale bars: A, B = 1 cm; C, D = 200 µm; G, H = 40 µm; E, F, I = 20 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Transfer of the monospecific genus Nienburgella (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) to Phycodrys, based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 3. Nienburgella angusta (A.D. Zinova) Perestenko from the eastern coast of South Korea. Female (A–N) and tetrasporic (O–Q) reproductive structures. A–G. Development process of immature procarp (cb1–3: cell numbers of carpogonial branch; cbi: carpogonial branch initial; cbs: cells in carpogonial branch; cp: carpogonium; sc: supporting cell; st1: first sterile-cell group; st1i: first sterile-cell group initial; st2i: second sterile-cell group initial; tr: trichogyne). H. Mature procarp (st2: second sterile-cell group). I–J. Superior (I) and inferior (J) surface views of same point of post-fertilized stage (au: auxiliary cell). K–L. Cross-section through an immature cystocarp (fu: fusion cell; g: gonimoblast cell; gi: gonimoblast initial). M. Cross-section through a mature cystocarp (ca: caposporangia). N. Surface view of mature cystocarp (cs). O–P. Surface views of tetrasporangial sori (t: tetrasporangia; ts: tetrasporangial sori). Q. Cross-section through a tetrasporangium (ti: tetrasporangial initial). Scale bars: N, O = 2 mm; P = 500 µm; M, Q = 200 µm; K, L = 50 µm; A–J = 30 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China

FIGURE 1. Map of China showing the location of the study area, Baimo Cave in Bama County, Guangxi, China, where samples of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. were collected.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China

FIGURE 4. Caloglossa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) maximum likelihood tree based on the rbcL DNA sequences data. Bootstrap supports for maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference (ML/BI) are shown on branches. '*' denotes the branch differed in the BI topology (data not shown).

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China

FIGURE 3. Drawing of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. thallus at the node follows Kamiya et al. (1999, 2003). Transverse pericentral cells are omitted. Axial cells are brown, wing cells are purple, and rhizoids are cyan. AB, abaxial side; AD, adjacent side to the lateral branch; AX, adaxial side; FLA, first axial cell of the lateral axis; FMA, first axial cell of the main axis; LA, lateral axis; LPC, lateral pericentral cell; MA, main axis; NA, nodal axial cell; OP, opposite side to the lateral branch; WC, wing cell; Rhizoids form from groups of second and third-order cells arising from the first three axial cells of the main and lateral axes (type B in Kamiya et al. 2003). Scale bar = 200 µm.

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FIGURES 2–4 in Reorganizing parasitic Delesseriaceae: taxonomic revision of Asterocolax

FIGURES 2–4: Polyneura latissimicola FIGURE 2: Mature parasitic pustule of Polyneura latissimicola on its host Polyneura latissima. Thallus is yellow in color with numerous conical branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 3: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Polyneura latissimicola carposporophyte, stained in aniline blue. Cystocarps occur at the basal ends of Polyneura latissimicola branches. Released carpospores are spherical to ovoid in shape and average 10 µm in diameter. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 4: 5 µm cross section through Polyneura latissimicola and its host, Polyneura latissima stained in aniline blue. It is difficult to determine the spread of the infection throughout the host and differentiate between parasite and host cells. Much of the parasite thallus is composed of large cells many of which contain numerous floridean starch granules. The cortical cells of the parasite thallus are notably smaller than other cells composing the parasite structure or uninfected host cells and lack many of the starch granules found in the medullary cells. Scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Transfer of the monospecific genus Nienburgella (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) to Phycodrys, based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree for the tribe Phycodryeae derived from plastid-encoded rbcL DNA sequence data. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are shown above branches. Scale bar = substitutions per site.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China

FIGURE 2. Morphological structures of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. A. Vegetative thalli of C. fonticola. B. Thallus blades showing hardly or slightly constricted at nodes, and lateral axis (arrows) demonstrating significantly less growth than the main axis (arrowheads). C. Cell arrangement around a node. Nodal axial cell (diamond) and first axial cell (star) of the main axis (MA) both produced one secondorder cell row (arrows) and one third-order cell rows (arrowheads) on the opposite to the lateral branch (LA), all these cell rows reach to the blade margin. D. Nodal region of thallus illustrating the nodal axial cell (diamond) produces one cell row (arrowhead) on the abaxial side not extending to the margin, and the first axial cell of the lateral axis (asterisk) produces one cell row (arrow) on the adaxial side not extending to the margin. E-G Internodal blade. Each axial cell (a) produces one second-order cell row (arrows) that forms 1-3 third-order cell rows (arrowheads). H. Rhizoids at node showing each wing cell produces a single rhizoidal filament (white arrowheads). I. Rhizoids at node displaying the type B arrangement of Kamiya et al. (2003). Rhizoidal filaments (arrowheads) arising from wing cells near the main axis and lateral axis at the nodes. Scale bars: A = 1 cm, B = 1.0 mm, C and E = 200 μm, D, F and G = 20 μm, H and I = 100 μm.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China

FIGURE 5. Caloglossa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) Maximum likelihood tree based on the LSU rRNA sequences data. Bootstrap supports for maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference (ML/BI) are shown on branches. '*' denotes the branch differed in the BI topology (data not shown).0.