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76 results for “Departure”
Data from: Advancement in long-distance bird migration through individual plasticity in departure
<p>Research summary: Globally, bird migration is occurring earlier, consistent with climate-related changes in breeding resources. Although often attributed to phenotypic plasticity, there is no clear demonstration of long-term population advancement in avian migration through individual plasticity. Using direct observations of bar-tailed godwits (<em>Limosa lapponica</em>) departing New Zealand on a 16,000-km journey to Alaska, we show that migration advanced by six days during 2008–2020, and that within-individual advancement was sufficient to explain this population-level change. However, in individuals tracked for the entire migration, earlier departure did not lead to earlier arrival or breeding in Alaska, due to prolonged stopovers in Asia. Moreover, changes in breeding-site phenology varied across Alaska, but were not reflected in within-population differences in advancement of migratory departure. We demonstrate that plastic responses can drive population-level changes in timing of long-distance migration, but also that behavioral and environmental constraints <em>en route</em> may yet limit adaptive responses to global change.</p> <p>The collection of long-term departure data was supported by Chris & Neville Hopkins, David & Lucile Packard Foundation, Dobberke Foundation for Comparative Psychology, Manawatu Estuary Trust, Marsden Fund (Royal Society of New Zealand), Massey University Doctoral Scholarship, New Zealand Department of Conservation, Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Pacific Shorebird Migration Project, Pūkorokoro Miranda Naturalist’s Trust, and Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences.</p>
data for Collective departures and leadership in zebrafish
<p>Txt files with the position (x,y) and confidence probability of the correct identification of the fish. Dataset used for the publication Collective departures and leadership in zebrafish.</p>
Ryanair: All december flight departures from Spain and their average prices
<p>In this dataset, we collected the average prices of all flight departures in Spain projected in December by Ryanair. Although we are uploading only raw data, this dataset can be useful to study the connectivity of Spain, and its accessibility by the people (comparing frequencies and prices in different airports).</p> <p>We searched for the December period to focus on the relative fluctuations of prices in holidays versus the rest of the month. Also, the prices may change between holidays lengths in days, and the day of departure. Specifically, we searched for 2 to 4 days of vacation, and departures from Thursday, Friday and Saturday. We only searched for the average prices of two adults because Ryanair prices are averages per person.</p> <p>All in all, this dataset has 11 attributes and 9794 rows.</p>
Autumn departure from breeding site (date and time) in Gambel's white crowned sparrows near Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summers 2014-2016
This data set contains information about an automated radio-telemetry study conducted near Toolik Field Station examining the date that adult male and female Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli) depart the breeding site relative to the timing of breeding and sunrise/ sunset. It was funded, in part, through ARC 0909133 (to John Wingfield) and ARC 1147289 (to Marilyn Ramenofsky). It is associated with publication: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01754-z.
Data from: Developing spatially explicit and stochastic measures of ecological departure
<p>Background: Ecological departure is a metric applied to mapped ecological systems measuring dissimilarity between the distributions of observed and expected proportions of non-stochastic reference vegetation classes within an area.</p> <p>Aims: We created spatially explicit measures of ecological departure incorporating stochasticity for each ecological system and all ecological systems from a central Nevada USA landscape.</p> <p>Methods: Spatially explicit ecological departures were estimated from a radius from each pixel governed by a distance-decay function within a moving window. Variability was introduced by simulating replicate climate time series for each spatial reference condition and calculating departure per replicate.</p> <p>Key results: Single system spatial ecological departure was highly and extensively departed, except for one area of low-elevation groundwater-dependent systems. Variance of spatial ecological departure was extensively low, except in areas of lower ecological departure, despite vegetation differences among replicates. The multiple-system ecological departure exhibited lower ecological departure.</p> <p>Conclusions: Spatial ecological departure was warranted for efficient land management as results were concordant between non-spatial and spatial metrics; however, rapid coding languages will be required.</p>
Рис. 1. Αиния маршрута; цифры — места, гΑе быΛи отмечены особи бурого меΑвеΑя во время учетов с вертоΛета 22.05.2018. РезуΛьтаты учетов бурого меΑвеΑя на о. ЗавьяΛова с вертоΛета «Еврокоптер 120». 11:55 выΛет с нефтепирса г. МагаΑана, 12:14 поΑΛет к острову, 12:20 (1) отмечен первый моΛоΑой меΑвеΑь на террасе, 12:52 (2) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь, 13:06 (3, 4) отмечены Αва взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) отмечены три взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:18 (8) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь. 13:56 переΛет в гороΑ МагаΑан Fig. 1. Route line; the figures indicate areas where brown bears were seen during the helicopter surveys on 22 May 2018. The results of the brown bear surveys on Zavyalov island from the Eurocopter 120 helicopter. 11:55 departure from the oil pier of Magadan, 12:14 hovering near the island, 12:20 (1) the first young bear identified on the terrace, 12:52 (2) one adult bear identified, 13:06 (3, 4) two adult bears identified, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) three adult bears identified, 13:18 (8) one adult bear identified, 13:56 Flight to Magadan in Brown bear (Ursus arctos) of Zavyalov Island (Sea of Okhotsk): Abundance and possible migration routes
Рис. 1. Αиния маршрута; цифры — места, гΑе быΛи отмечены особи бурого меΑвеΑя во время учетов с вертоΛета 22.05.2018. РезуΛьтаты учетов бурого меΑвеΑя на о. ЗавьяΛова с вертоΛета «Еврокоптер 120». 11:55 выΛет с нефтепирса г. МагаΑана, 12:14 поΑΛет к острову, 12:20 (1) отмечен первый моΛоΑой меΑвеΑь на террасе, 12:52 (2) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь, 13:06 (3, 4) отмечены Αва взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) отмечены три взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:18 (8) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь. 13:56 переΛет в гороΑ МагаΑан Fig. 1. Route line; the figures indicate areas where brown bears were seen during the helicopter surveys on 22 May 2018. The results of the brown bear surveys on Zavyalov island from the Eurocopter 120 helicopter. 11:55 departure from the oil pier of Magadan, 12:14 hovering near the island, 12:20 (1) the first young bear identified on the terrace, 12:52 (2) one adult bear identified, 13:06 (3, 4) two adult bears identified, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) three adult bears identified, 13:18 (8) one adult bear identified, 13:56 Flight to Magadan
Data from: Timing of departure from natal areas by Golden Eagles is not constrained by acquisition of flight skills
<p>The post-fledging dependence period (PFDP), which extends from a fledgling’s first flight out of the nest to its departure from the parents’ territory, is crucial in the lifecycle of birds. During this period, juveniles develop their flight and foraging skills to become fully independent. Despite the importance of this life stage in basic bird ecology and conservation, it remains largely overlooked – notably its link with the acquisition of flight skills. In this study, we modeled the variation in seven proxies describing flight skills of 84 GPS-tracked Golden Eagle juveniles in France between 2016 and 2020. Juveniles had a long but highly variable PFDP, averaging 177.9 (±62.2) days after departure from the nest. This period is divided into two phases: a first phase of rapid increase in flight skills over the first 60 days after departure from the nest, followed by a plateau in which flight skills no longer develop until independence. These results suggest that the full development of flight skills is not a constraining factor during the PFDP and that it is advantageous for juveniles to choose to remain in their natal territory. We posit that parents’ tolerance of fledged juveniles is a type of parental care that may maximize their own fitness by improving the survival of their descendants. In future studies, it may be of interest to investigate the factors that may explain the high variability in the duration of this stage between individuals within the same population.</p>
Data from: Developing spatially explicit and stochastic measures of ecological departure
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Data from: Effects of immune status on stopover departure decisions are subordinate to those of condition, cloud cover and tailwind in autumn-migrating common blackbirds (Turdus merula)
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Computationally-informed point of departure evaluation for proarrhythmic cardiotoxicity assessment using 3D engineered cardiac microtissues from human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes
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Data from: A rat liver transcriptomic point of departure predicts a prospective liver or non-liver apical point of departure
<p>Identifying a toxicity point of departure (POD) is a required step in human health risk characterization of crop protection molecules, and this POD has historically been derived from apical endpoints across a battery of animal-based toxicology studies. Using rat transcriptome and apical data for 79 molecules obtained from Open TG-GATES (Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System) (632 datasets), the hypothesis was tested that a short-term exposure, transcriptome-based liver biological effect POD (BEPOD) could estimate a longer-term exposure "systemic" apical endpoint POD. Apical endpoints considered were body weight, clinical observation, kidney weight and histopathology and liver weight and histopathology. A BMDExpress algorithm using Gene Ontology Biological Process gene sets was optimized to derive a liver BEPOD most predictive of a systemic apical POD. Liver BEPODs were stable from 3 hours to 29 days of exposure; the median fold difference of the 29 day BEPOD to BEPODs from earlier time points was approximately 1 (range of 0.7-1.1). Strong positive correlation (Pearson R = 0.86) and predictive accuracy (root mean square difference = 0.41) were observed between a concurrent (29 day) liver BEPOD and the systemic apical POD. Similar Pearson R and root mean square difference values were observed for comparisons between a 29 day systemic apical POD and liver BEPODs derived from 3 hours to 15 days of exposure. These data across 79 molecules suggest that a longer-term exposure study apical POD from liver and non-liver compartments can be estimated using a liver BEPOD derived from an acute or subacute exposure study.</p>
Data from: Stopover refueling, movement, and departure decisions in the White-throated Sparrow: the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors during spring migration
<p>1. Differential migration timing between sex or age classes are examples of how migratory movement strategies can differ among sub-groups within a population. However, in songbirds, evidence for intrinsic differences in en route migratory behavior is often mixed, suggesting that the local environmental context may play a role in accentuating or diminishing patterns. 2. We evaluated how multiple intrinsic and extrinsic variables influenced refueling rates, local movement behavior, and departure decisions in the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) during spring migration. This species exhibits a unique genetically-based plumage dimorphism, providing a unique class of individual in which to evaluate patterns and processes of differential migration, in addition to sex, age, and migration distance. 3. At a migratory stopover site, plasma metabolite analysis was used to quantify individual variation in stopover refueling rate. In after second year adults, automated and manual radio telemetry was used to quantify daily activity timing, daily movement distances, stopover duration, and departure time. Arrival timing to the stopover site was determined using capture data. Non-breeding and previous breeding/natal latitude were determined using analysis of hydrogen isotopes in claws and feathers. 4. Males arrived at the stopover site 11 days on average before females, but no difference in migration timing was observed between plumage morph or age classes. After second year adults with more southern previous breeding latitudes arrived at stopover earlier whereas second year birds making their first return migration arrived at stopover in an inverse relationship to non-breeding latitude. Stopover refueling rate did not differ between ages, sexes, or plumage morphs, and daily departure probability of adults was higher under warmer temperatures and favorable tailwinds. White-striped morphs moved greater distances during stopover, initiated daily activity earlier in the morning, and departed for migration earlier in the evening than tan-striped morphs. 5. Our results show that while individual phenotype can influence some aspects of local stopover-scale movement behavior, evidence for differential stopover behavior was weak. Differential migration timing is unlikely to result from intrinsic differences in en route refueling rate and departure decisions, especially because the latter is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions. </p>
Winds at departure shape seasonal patterns of nocturnal bird migration over the North Sea
On their migratory journeys, terrestrial birds can come across large inhospitable areas with limited opportunities to rest and refuel. Flight over these areas poses a risk especially when wind conditions en route are adverse, in which case inhospitable areas can act as an ecological barrier for terrestrial migrants. Thus, within the East-Atlantic flyway, the North Sea can function as an ecological barrier. The main aim of this study was to shed light on seasonal patterns of bird migration in the southern North Sea and determine whether departure decisions on nights of intense migration were related to increased wind assistance. We measured migration characteristics with a radar that was located 18 km off the NW Dutch coast and used simulation models to infer potential departure locations of birds on nights with intense nocturnal bird migration. We calculated headings, track directions, airspeeds, groundspeeds on weak and intense migration nights in both seasons and compared speeds between seasons. Moreover, we tested if departure decisions on intense migration nights were associated with supportive winds. Our results reveal that on the intense migration nights in spring, the mean heading was towards E, and birds departed predominantly from the UK. On intense migration nights in autumn, the majority of birds departed from Denmark, Germany and north of the Netherlands with the mean heading towards SW. Prevailing winds from WSW at departure were supportive of a direct crossing of the North Sea in spring. However, in autumn winds were generally not supportive, which is why many birds exploited positive wind assistance which occurred on intense migration nights. This implies that the seasonal wind regimes over the North Sea alter its migratory dynamics which is reflected in headings, timing and intensity of migration.
Determinants of spring migration departure dates in a New World sparrow: weather variables reign supreme
<p><span>Numerous factors influence the timing of spring migration in birds, yet the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic variables on migration initiation remains unclear. To test for interactions among weather, migration distance, parasitism, and physiology in determining spring departure date, we used the Dark-eyed Junco (<em>Junco</em> <em>hyemalis</em>) as a model migratory species known to harbor diverse and common haemosporidian parasites. Prior to spring migration departure from their wintering grounds in Indiana, USA, we quantified the intrinsic variables of fat, body condition (i.e., mass~tarsus residuals), physiological stress (i.e., ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes), cellular immunity (i.e., leukocyte composition and total count), migration distance (i.e., distance to the breeding grounds) using stable isotopes of hydrogen from feathers, and haemosporidian parasite intensity. We then attached nanotags to determine the timing of spring migration departure date using the Motus Wildlife Tracking System. We used additive Cox proportional hazard mixed models to test how risk of spring migratory departure was predicted by the combined intrinsic measures, along with meteorological predictors on the evening of departure (i.e., average wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and temperature). Model comparisons found that the best predictor of spring departure date was average nightly wind direction and a principal component combining relative humidity and temperature. Juncos were more likely to depart for spring migration on nights with largely southwestern winds and on warmer and drier evenings (relative to cooler and more humid evenings). Our results indicate that weather conditions at take-off are more critical to departure decisions than the measured physiological and parasitism variables.</span></p>
Do departure and flight route decisions correlate with immune parameters in migratory songbirds?
<p>Many songbirds migrate twice a year to exploit seasonally available resources. These journeys are energetically demanding and the energy reserves of these small birds are limited. Accordingly, most of the time migrating is spent during stopovers that serve to rest, replenish resources and recover. While external influences, like prevailing weather conditions and resource availability, are well studied with regard to stopover behavior and departure decisions, studies on how birds' individual physiological conditions and stopover decisions may be linked are scarce.</p> <p>We used a large-scale radio-telemetry network covering the German Bight (SE North Sea) to study how birds' immunological constitution at stopover may correlate with departure and flight behavior in five species of short- to medium-distance migratory songbirds. We measured markers of the innate (bacterial killing activity, lysozyme concentration, natural antibodies, and complement titers) and acquired immune function (immunoglobulin Y) in the birds' plasma. After sampling, we tracked the birds' behavior in terms of stopover duration as well as flight routes and flight distances within the telemetry network after departure.</p> <p>We found that stopover durations were positively related to natural antibodies and immunoglobulin Y across species and to the bacterial killing ability solely in song thrushes in spring, while no relations became apparent in fall. Flight distances were linked positively to immunoglobulin Y concentrations in both spring and fall, though not in all of the investigated species. Coastal and offshore-oriented routes were taken independent of the birds' immune status.</p> <p>Our study for the first time shows that the migratory behavior of songbirds in the wild is correlated with their immune status, not only during but also beyond stopover. Further, birds with increased complement titers and Immunoglobulin Y concentrations, either due to recent infection or greater investment in their immune function, took additional time at their stopover sites, probably to reach their breeding grounds in good condition. During the less time-constrained fall season, stopovers were generally prolonged, independent from the birds' immune status, and any delays taken to improve immune status are most likely not detrimental in terms of fitness.</p>
Appendix 3 of "Analyses of three-dimensional species associations reveal departures from neutrality in a tropical forest"
<p>Temporal changes in three-dimensional structure of crowns in Luquillo, Puerto Rico. Each axis represents the overlap of one species over the other, measured as standardized effect sizes (SES). That is, deviations from a null model that randomizes crown three-dimensional positions. A high value of "SES of <em>Guarea guidonia</em> over <em>Psychotria brachiata</em>" means that <em>Guarea guidonia</em> shades <em>Psychotria brachiata</em> more than expected by chance, and so on.<br> <br> The coloured dots in the background of the figure represent all the observed relationships between species. Gray dots represent random relationships between pairs of species (i.e. similar to the expected by the null model). Black dots represent horizontal segregation between species. Blue dots represent horizontal aggregation but vertical segregation between species. Red dots represent three-dimensional aggregation between species.<br> <br> The larger green or red dots connected by lines represent the temporal changes observed for the relationship between the two target species in each figure. There are four censuses represented. Larger dots represent the more recent censuses. The green dots reflect the relationship between the two target species in the low-disturbance area within the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot. The red dots reflect the relationship between the two target species in the high-disturbance area within the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot.</p>
Body mass and triglycerides predict departure of free-living nomadic pine siskins
<p>1. Facultative migrations are observed across vertebrate taxa, include irruptive and nomadic movements, and occur in response to ephemeral and unpredictably variable resources. While the physiology underlying seasonal, obligate migrations is thoroughly studied, much less is known about the physiological mechanisms of facultative movements. We test two hypotheses in a free-living, nomadic bird, the pine siskin (Spinus pinus).</p> <p>2. The Prepare Hypothesis predicts that, like obligate migrants, siskins increase fuel stores to prepare for migratory movements and elevations of baseline corticosterone (CORT) support departure. The Escape Hypothesis predicts that siskins do not prepare for departure, body condition declines as food availability declines, and stress-related levels of CORT induce escape from resource-poor areas.</p> <p>3. Under the controlled lab conditions of previous studies, food restriction induces declines in body condition and increases in CORT and locomotor activity, supporting the Escape Hypothesis. This study evaluates the ecological relevance of these captive findings by testing the Prepare and Escape Hypotheses in the field for the first time.</p> <p>4. During two fall field seasons, we radio-tagged siskins and tracked their local movements using handheld and automated telemetry. We assess how body condition and CORT relate to feeding behavior (estimated via plasma triglycerides (TRIG)), space use, and departure.</p> <p>5. We do not find support for either the Prepare or Escape Hypothesis, but rather observe an intermediate pattern. Birds with higher TRIG, and therefore greater food intake, are more likely to depart. Birds in poor condition stay longer near the field site; however, above a threshold body mass, body condition does not predict departure.</p> <p>6. These findings suggest moderate energy stores are necessary for departure but movement decisions depend on other factors among birds with sufficient fuel. Siskin movements are physiologically distinct from both obligate and fugitive movements, and we discuss how food availability and body condition interact to drive different types of movement.</p>
The risk faced by the early bat: individual plasticity and mortality costs of the timing of spring departure after hibernation
<p>Hibernation is a widespread adaptation in animals to seasonally changing environmental conditions. In the face of global anthropogenic change, information about plastic adjustments to environmental conditions and associated mortality costs are urgently needed to assess population persistence of hibernating species. Here, we used a five-year data set of 1,047 RFID-tagged individuals from two bat species, Myotis nattereri and Myotis daubentonii that were automatically recorded each time they entered or left a hibernaculum. Because the two species differ in foraging strategy and activity pattern during winter, we expected species–specific responses in the timing of hibernation relative to environmental conditions, as well as different mortality costs of early departure from the hibernaculum in spring. Applying mixed-effects modelling, we were able to disentangle population-level and individual-level plasticity in the timing of departure. To estimate mortality costs of early departure, we used both a capture mark recapture analysis and a novel approach that takes into account individual exposure times to mortality outside the hibernaculum. We found that the timing of departure varied between species as well as among and within individuals, and was plastically adjusted to large-scale weather conditions as measured by the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index. Individuals of M. nattereri, which can exploit milder temperatures for foraging during winter, tuned departure more closely to the NAO index than individuals of M. daubentoniid which do not hunt during winter. Both analytical approaches used to estimate mortality costs showed that early departing individuals were less likely to survive until the subsequent hibernation period than individuals that departed later. Overall, our study demonstrates that individuals of long-lived hibernating bat species have the potential to plastically adjust to changing climatic conditions, although the potential for adjustment differs between species.</p>
The departure between constant-rate birth-death and empirically inferred diversification processes
<p>Birth-death models (BDMs) are stochastic processes describing the processes of speciation and extinction through time and across taxa and are widely used in biology for inference of evolutionary timescales. Previous research has highlighted how the expected trees under BDMs tend to differ from empirical trees with respect to indices such as the amount of phylogenetic imbalance. However, our understanding of how trees differ between BDMs and empirical inferences remains incomplete. In this study, we demonstrate how four different constant-rate BDM scenarios influence tree shape and branch-length characteristics of phylogenetic trees, using a wide range of topology and branch-length indices. Comparison of BDM expectations against a comprehensive empirical dataset of 1,189 empirical trees shows that the dominant form of model inadequacy in BDMs is in failing to accommodate large amounts of phylogenetic imbalance in empirical processes. We also find that empirical trees tend to have significantly greater depth, lower stemminess, and longer shortest pendant edge lengths than BD-simulated trees. The results also indicate that accounting for the sampling fraction is the single most important parameter for accommodating empirical stemminess and branch lengths. Overall, our findings demonstrate the limitations of BDM priors when inferring the shape and structural characteristics of phylogenetic trees, highlighting the importance of novel methods that account for a broader tree space and secondarily reduce any possible bias in branch length estimation.</p>
Data from: Arctic and boreal paleofire records reveal drivers of fire activity and departures from Holocene variability
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