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49 results for “Detritus”
SBC LTER: Reef: Seasonal Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Detritus biomass
These data describe the abundance of macroalgal detritus (grams wet mass m-2) as part of SBCLTER's seasonal kelp forest monitoring program to track long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. Detritus was collected in six permanent 1 m2 quadrats positioned uniformly along 40 m transects in each sampling plot. Sample collections were brought back to the laboratory, identified to species and weighed wet. The seasonal surveys were initiated in 2008 at five reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, US.
SBC LTER: Reef: Long-term experiment: Kelp removal: Detritus biomass
These data describe the abundance of macroalgal detritus (grams wet mass m-2) within permanent plots of a long-term experiment designed to examine trajectories of change in the structure and productivity of kelp forest communities in response to changes in the frequency and severity of disturbance to giant kelp. Detritus was collected in six permanent 1 m2 quadrats positioned uniformly along 40 m transects in each sampling plot. Macroalgal detritus is not collected in plots of the continual kelp removal treatment. Sample collections were brought back to the laboratory, identified to species and weighed wet. The experiment was initiated in 2008 at five reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and included an annual kelp removal treatment designed to simulate increases in the frequency and severity of winter wave disturbance and a continual kelp removal treatment that allowed the effects of giant kelp on the community to be evaluated. The last experimental removals of giant kelp occurred in winter 2016 or winter 2017, depending on the site. Data collection continued in all plots until spring 2023 to document the recovery trajectory of the reef fish community following the cessation of experimental kelp removal.
Dataset from: Small-scale patches of detritus as habitat for invertebrates within a Zostera noltei meadow
<p>This dataset is related to "Small-scale patches of detritus as habitat for invertebrates within a <em>Zostera noltei</em> meadow" (Valentina Costa, Renato Chemello, Davide Iaciofano, Sabrina Lo Brutto, Francesca Rossi)</p>
Nutrient and stoichiometric time series measurements of decomposing coarse detritus in freshwaters worldwide from literature published between 1976-2020.
This data publication is a database of published estimates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon content of decomposing coarse detritus though time in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Nutrient content measurements are paired with estimates of detrital mass loss within decomposition time series (i.e., defined cohorts of decomposing material through time) with the goal of understanding patterns and drivers of temporal elemental dynamics of freshwater detritus. A systematic literature search for aquatic decomposition experiments conducted on 29 April 2020 generated 580 records (after trimming for duplicates and obvious relevance). From this literature pool, we extracted 810 decomposition time series and associated environmental data (e.g., temperature, water quality, detrital characteristics). Time series included in this synthesis include a range of detritus types (including terrestrial and aquatic plant material, carcasses, dung, and veneers), ecosystems (including streams, lakes, rivers, and wetlands), and settings (including natural ecosystems, field mesocosms, and laboratory microcosms).
Fine woody detritus volume and mass from line transect inventory in WS06, WS07, WS08, and WS09 at Andrews Experimental Forest, 2002 to 2003
Three small watersheds (WS06, WS07, WS08, and WS09) at the Andrews Experimental Forest were inventoried for fine woody detritus (FWD) using the line transect method as described in Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems (Harmon and Sexton 1996). In each watershed plot, four transects of 4 meters in length were inventoried. Slopes of the transect were determined as the plots were not laid out slope corrected. The number of pieces of FWD were tallied along each transect for two size classes, 0.63-2.54 cm and 2.54-7.62 cm. Volume calculations were determined by use of the formula in Harmon and Sexton 1996. Mean bulk density was determined from samples collected and measured. Field measurements used to determine density included diameter and length. In the lab, the samples were weighed to determine wet weight and dried.
Nutrient effects on a detritus-based stream ecosystem at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1998 to 2003
To determine the effects of nutrient enrichment in a detritus-based stream, we have continuously enriched a headwater stream with N and P for 4.5 years and quantified the response at different scales of stream structure and function: microbial, metazoan, and ecosystem. The effects of enrichment in the treatment stream (Watershed 54, WS54) were compared to conditions in the reference stream (Watershed 53, WS53) and one year of comprehensive baseline sampling was conducted in both streams prior to enrichment. Our first objective was to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on growth and production of organisms. Our second objective was to determine the effects of nutrients on the fate of carbon resources, which were altered via increased microbial metabolism and invertebrate consumption.
Data to support "delta13C and delta15N values from a mesocosm experiment showing sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers"
The purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important herbivore and detritivore in southern California giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests that grow on shallow rocky reefs (~3-20m depth) off southern California, including Santa Barbara where this study was done. To investigate the shredder activity of purple urchins, we assembled communities of common detritivores and suspension feeders from local reefs in mesocosms. Three species of brittle stars (Ophiopteris papillosa, Ophioplocus esmarki, and Ophiothrix spiculata), one vermetid gastropod (Thylacodes squamigerus), two barnacles (Chthamalus sp. and Megabalanus californicus), one polychaete worm (Chaetopterus sp.), and three sea cucumbers (Cucumaria piperata, Pachythyone rubra, and Cucumaria salma) were collected from the seafloor of local kelp forests at 5-15m depth in the Santa Barbara Channel. Ten of each species were placed in each of six 50 L (51x38x27 cm) flow-through unfiltered seawater tanks, each containing two concrete bricks for hard substrate on top of 3 cm of sand. Because sea urchins are highly mobile, capable of bulldozing other occupants, we isolated them above the experimental communities on plastic mesh (1cm). Mesh dividers were secured horizontally across each mesocosm 16 cm above the bottom. Ten individuals of each consumer species, along with 2-3 blades, totaling 47.3 g (±1.2 SE), of isotopically labeled kelp (see below) were placed on the floor of each tank, below the divider. On top of the mesh divider, we placed an additional 229.8 g (±6.1 SE) of enriched kelp blades, and in half of the tanks, 10 adult urchins (total mass 343.3 g ±1.3 SE) per tank. The kelp below the mesh ensured that the detritivores had direct access to degrading kelp detritus regardless of the urchin treatment, similar to the situation in the kelp forest, allowing us to more clearly ascertain the degree to which the detritivores were dependent on urchins for kelp detritus assimilation. The experiment wa
Data for: Spatial variability in the contribution of termites to the decay of plant detritus
<p>Drylands are characterized by high spatial variability in resource availability due to sporadic rainfall, topography of the landscape and important effects of animals. Resource availability gradients may trigger patterns in decomposer population abundances and activity which could affect ecosystem functions such as decomposition. Here, we examined the influence of resource availability gradients on the importance of termites in the decomposition of wood and grass litter. We placed wood blocks and grass litter baits in bags accessible and inaccessible to termites across wood and grass resource gradients as determined by the presence or absence of a top mammalian predator and across topographic gradients during a 9-month period in arid Australia. We hypothesized that grass-eating termite activity would track grass abundance and wood-eating termite activity would track wood abundance. Termites were the predominant decomposition agent at these sites. Termites contributed to 99.5% of wood decomposition and 83.9% of grass decomposition during our study period. For wood, the termite effect was spatially variable and increased with habitat wood availability which was greatest on dunes and where top predators were absent. However, the contribution of termites to grass litter decomposition did not track grass availability or termite abundance. The highest effects of termites on grass decomposition rates were found in habitats where the absence of top predators led to low grass availability. Our findings highlight how spatial variability in resources in addition to other factors that we do not document but are known to be influenced by the presence of top predators, such as insectivore predation rates, across the landscape could affect ecosystem functions such as decomposition. </p>
Data for: Spatial variability in the contribution of termites to the decay of plant detritus
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Detritus decorations as the extended phenotype deflect avian predator attack increasing fitness in an orb‐web spider
<ol> <li>A number of strategies that divert attacks of visually guided predators, such as birds, have evolved multiple times in animals. Detritus web decorations built by certain orb-web spider species are thought to deflect avian predator attacks away from spiders and towards their web decorations. Still, empirical evidence for this function and its adaptive significance is lacking. The orb-web spider, <i>Cyclosa monticola</i>,<i> </i>adorns its web using a linear detritus decoration consisting of moults, egg sacs, prey remains, and leaf litters.</li> <li>In the present study, we investigated whether detritus decorations constructed by <i>C. monticola</i> spiders<i> </i>divert attacks of avian predators away from spiders. We first employed colour modelling to compare spider bodies and detritus decoration colouration from the perspective of domestic chicks and blue tits. We then experimentally tested the deflection hypothesis in the laboratory using naïve chicks as predators. We put the chicks in a cage containing a web either with (S+) or without (S-) a spider and either with (D+) or without (D-) detritus decoration (a total of four types of webs: S+D+, S+D-, S-D+, and S-D-) under both natural habitat background and white background. </li> <li>We found that the colour of <i>C. monticola</i> spiders is indistinguishable from that of their detritus decorations for both chicks and blue tits with both backgrounds. Laboratory predation experiments showed that with both backgrounds, chicks attacked the spiders much less frequently when their decorations were present on the webs (S+D+; natural habitat: 20%, white background: 30%) than when their decorations were absent (S+D-; natural habitat: 95%, white background: 85%), resulting in greater spider survival advantage. </li> <li>We also found that the rate of attack of spiders and their decorations was not random; the decorations were more likely to be attacked than spiders, regardless of the ratio of surface area of decorations to spider bodies when both spiders and decorations were presented (S+D+). Therefore, our results support a deflection, rather than concealment hypothesis for web decorations.</li> <li>In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the extended phenotypes beyond the animal bodies, can divert avian predator attacks, therefore, may improve the fitness of animals.</li> </ol>
The effects of resource subsidy duration in a detritus-based stream ecosystem: a mesocosm experiment
<p>1. Most resource subsidies are temporally variable, dynamically affecting the consumer populations, community structures, and ecosystem functions of recipient ecosystems. Temporally variable resource subsidies are characterized by the duration, magnitude, timing, and frequency of resource subsidy inputs. These different characteristics may have different mechanisms by which to affect recipient ecosystems.</p> <p>2. Few studies have examined the duration of resource subsidy inputs on recipient ecosystems, although there exist previous studies focusing on magnitude, timing, and frequency.</p> <p>3. We provide the first experimental test of the effects of subsidy duration on a stream ecosystem by using an outdoor mesocosm experiment, in which we directly manipulated the subsidy duration (pulsed vs. prolonged) of terrestrial invertebrate input into the mesocosm.</p> <p>4. Given the same overall amount of terrestrial invertebrate subsidy were added, a prolonged subsidy allowed large-stage fish to effectively monopolize the subsidy over small-stage fish, which led small-stage fish to maintain their predation pressure on in-situ prey, i.e., benthic invertebrates. On the other hand, a pulsed subsidy allowed small-stage fish to increase their feeding rate of the subsidy and to become away from foraging in-situ prey. Consequently, weaker indirect positive effects on in-situ benthic prey and leaf breakdown rate were found with the prolonged versus pulsed subsidy. However, these indirect effects varied by the dominant benthic prey species, which differed in edibility for fish. Such predator-specific vulnerability of benthic prey can be important in mediating trophic cascades in detritus-based stream food webs.</p> <p>5. Phenological events that generate temporal subsidies (e.g., salmon spawning run and arthropod emergence) can be synchronized (pulsed) or desynchronized (prolonged) within and among species, depending on the degree of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. The effects of subsidy duration would thus be important to better understand ecological processes in spatially and temporally coupled ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers
Detritus can fundamentally shape and sustain food webs, and shredders can facilitate its availability. Most of the biomass of the highly productive giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, becomes detritus that is exported or falls to the seafloor as litter. We hypothesized that sea urchins process kelp litter through shredding, sloppy feeding, and egestion, making kelp litter more available to benthic consumers. To test this we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which an array of kelp forest benthic consumers were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labeled Macrocystis with or without sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, present. Our results showed that several detritivore species consumed significant amounts of kelp, but only when urchins were present. Although they are typically portrayed as antagonistic grazers in kelp forests, sea urchins can have a positive trophic role, capturing kelp litter before it is exported and making it available to a suite of benthic detritivores.
Data for Ocean biogeochemical fingerprints of fast-sinking tunicate and fish detritus
<p>Model results for the manuscript, "Ocean biogeochemical fingerprints of fast-sinking tunicate and fish detritus", under peer review at <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Model outputs for: <br>1) the GZ-COBALT control simulation, <br>2) the GZ-COBALT simulation with fast-sinking tunicate detritus only, <br>3) the GZ-COBALT simulation with fast-sinking fish ("hp") detritus only, and<br>4) the GZ-COBALT simulation with both fast-sinking tunicate and fish ("hp") detritus.</p> <p> </p> <p>The following files are included for all 4 simulations:</p> <p> </p> <p>Model grid and area fields</p> <ul> <li><em>ocean_annual_static.nc</em></li> <li><em>ocean_static.nc</em></li> </ul> <p>Monthly 100-m integrated fluxes (in Nitrogen unless specified otherwise; a Redfield C:N ratio is used)</p> <ul> <li>Aggregation loss from: <ul> <li>Small and large phytoplankton, large tunicates</li> </ul> </li> <li>Detritus production by: <ul> <li>Small, medium, and large zooplankton, small and large tunicates, higher predators (hp)</li> </ul> </li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_fluxes_int_1988-2007.clim.tar.gz</em></li> </ul> <p>Other monthly 100-m integrated fluxes</p> <ul> <li>Carbon detritus sinking flux past 100-m</li> <li>Integrated primary production</li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_omip_2d.1988-2007.clim.tar.gz</em></li> </ul> <p>Monthly detritus fluxes past 100-m:</p> <ul> <li>Nitrogen detritus sinking flux past 100-m</li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_fdet_100.1988-2007.clim.tar.gz</em></li> </ul> <p>Monthly bottom fluxes:</p> <ul> <li>Nitrogen detritus sinking flux to bottom</li> <li>Nitrogen detritus burial flux</li> <li>Sediment oxic remineralization flux of nitrogen detritus</li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_btm.1988-2007.clim.tar.gz</em></li> </ul> <p>Annual 3-D tracers:</p> <ul> <li>Nitrate</li> <li>Dissolved oxygen</li> <li>Phosphate</li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_omip_tracers_year_z_1988-2007.nc</em></li> </ul> <p>Annual 3-D fluxes:</p> <ul> <li>Carbon detritus sinking flux</li> <li><em>[expt]_ocean_cobalt_omip_rates_year_z_1988-2007.nc</em></li> </ul> <p>Hypoxic volume time series:</p> <ul> <li>Total volume of water below 60 mmol O2</li> <li>Total volume of water below 5 mmol O2</li> <li><em>[expt]_hypoxicVolume.ts.tar.gz</em></li> </ul> <p>Note that files ending in <em>.tar.gz</em> need to be unzipped and extracted first. All data files are in netCDF format.</p> <p> </p> <p>Python codes for reproducing the figures in the manuscript are available on github: <a href="https://github.com/jessluo/gz_COBALT_fastPOC_analysis">https://github.com/jessluo/gz_COBALT_fastPOC_analysis</a></p>
Trophic cascade within and across ecosystems: the role of anti-predatory defenses, predator type, and detritus quality
<ol> <li>Species in one ecosystem can indirectly affect multiple biodiversity components and ecosystem functions of adjacent ecosystems. The magnitude of these cross-ecosystem effects depends on the attributes of the organisms involved in the interactions, including traits of the predator, prey and basal resource. However, it is unclear how predators with cross-ecosystem habitat interact with predators with single-ecosystem habitat to affect their shared ecosystem. Also, unknown is how such complex top-down effects may be mediated by the anti-predatory traits of prey and quality of the basal resource.</li> <li>We used the aquatic invertebrate food webs in tank bromeliads as a model system to investigate these questions. We manipulated the presence of a strictly aquatic predator (damselfly larvae) and a predator with both terrestrial and aquatic habitats (spider) and examined effects on survival of prey (detritivores grouped by anti-predator defense), detrital decomposition (of two plant species differing in litter quality), nitrogen flux and host plant growth. To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of each predator type on multiple detritivore groups and ultimately on multiple ecosystem processes, we used piecewise structural equation models. For each response variable, we isolated the contribution of different detritivore groups to overall effects by comparing alternate model formulations.</li> <li>Alone, damselfly larvae and spiders each directly decreased survival of detritivores and caused multiple indirect negative effects on detritus decomposition, nutrient cycling, and host plant growth. However, when predators co-occurred, the spider caused a negative non-consumptive effect on the damselfly larva, diminishing the net direct and indirect top-down effects on the aquatic detritivore community and ecosystem functioning. Both detritivore traits and detritus quality modulated the strength and mechanism of these trophic cascades. Predator interference was mediated by undefended or partially defended detritivores as detritivores with anti-predatory defenses evaded consumption by damselfly larvae but not spiders. Predators and detritivores affected ecosystem decomposition and nutrient cycling only in the presence of high-quality detritus, as the low-quality detritus was consumed more by microbes than invertebrates.</li> <li>The complex responses of this system to predators from both recipient and adjacent ecosystems highlight the critical role of maintaining biodiversity components across multiple ecosystems. </li> </ol>
Data from: Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers
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The effects of resource subsidy duration in a detritus-based stream ecosystem: a mesocosm experiment
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Environmental heterogeneity across an urban gradient influences detritus and nutrients within artificial containers and their associated vector Aedes sp. larvae in San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Detritus decorations as the extended phenotype deflect avian predator attack increasing fitness in an orb‐web spider
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Trophic cascade within and across ecosystems: the role of anti-predatory defenses, predator type, and detritus quality
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Data from: Overwintering tropical herbivores accelerate detritus production on temperate reefs
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Allen Brain Atlas
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