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26 results for “Developmental Constraint”
Figure 3 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 3. Relationship between egg weight and female body weight in extant birds. (A) Graph to discriminate between altricial [n = 96; filled circles; r2 = 0.906, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.659394 + 0.7889097.bodymass], and precocial [n = 113; open circles] (including super precocial [n = 29; grey triangles]; r2 = 0.801, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.164615 + 0.6451872.bodymass) taxa. Both of these results have significantly higher r2 values than those found for 100 bootstrap replicates that paired body and egg mass at random. (B) Bar chart showing that the three broad developmental modes seen in Neornithes are characterized by significantly different egg/female body mass relationships. Discrimination among all three groups is borne out by averaged data (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.005). Abbreviations: A, altricial; P, Precocial; SP, super precocial.
Figure 2 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships amongst modern birds (Neornithes) showing altricial
Figure 4 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 4. Relationship between femur length (approximates body mass) and egg mass in extant and fossil birds (n = 117; r2 = 0.758, p <0.001). These data show that both Confuciusornis (cartoon, open circle) and the similarly-sized Buttonquail (Turnix) (grey triangle) lay relatively small eggs compared to their body size (Appendix).
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
<p>Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.</p>
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
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Data from: Developmental constraints and resource environment shape early emergence and investment in spines in saplings
Abstract <p> Background and Aims </p><p>Herbivory by large mammals imposes a critical recruitment bottleneck on plants in many systems. Spines defend plants against large herbivores and how early they emerge in saplings may be one of the strongest predictors of sapling survival in herbivore-rich environments. Yet little effort has been directed at understanding the variability in spine emergence across saplings.</p> Methods <p>We present a multi-species study examining whether and how sapling size,spine type and species' environmental niche (light and precipitation environment) influence early emergence and biomass investment in spines. A phylogenetically diverse pool of 45 species possessing different spine types (spines, prickles and thorns; that are derived from distinct plant organs: leaf, epidermis or cortex, and branch, respectively), were grown under common garden conditions, and patterns of spine emergence and biomass allocation to spines at 5 and 15 weeks after transplanting were characterized.</p> Key Results <p>Spine type and species' resource niche were the main factors driving early emergence and investment patterns. Spines emerged earliest in leaf spine-bearing species, and latest in thorn-bearing species. The probability of early spine emergence increased with decreasing precipitation, and was greater in species from open than closed habitats. Sapling investment in spines changed with plant mass but was contingent on spine type and habitat type.</p> Conclusions <p>Different spine types have strikingly different timing of expression, suggesting that developmental origins of spines play a critical role in sapling defences. Furthermore, species from different precipitation and light environments (open vs. closed habitats) showed contrasting patterns of early spine expression suggesting that resource limitation in their native range may have driven divergent evolution of early defence expression.</p> <p></p>
Data from: Testing frameworks for early life effects: The developmental constraints and adaptive response hypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons
<p>In evolutionary ecology, two classes of explanations are frequently invoked to explain "early life effects" on adult outcomes. Developmental constraints (DC) explanations contend that costs of early adversity arise from limitations adversity places on optimal development. Adaptive response (AR) hypotheses propose that later life outcomes will be worse when early and adult environments are poorly "matched." Here, we use recently proposed mathematical definitions for these hypotheses and a quadratic-regression based approach to test the long-term consequences of variation in developmental environments on fertility in wild baboons. We evaluate whether low rainfall and/or dominance rank during development predict three female fertility measures in adulthood, and whether any observed relationships are consistent with DC and/or AR. Neither rainfall during development nor the difference between rainfall in development and adulthood predicted any fertility measures. Females who were low-ranking during development had an elevated risk of losing infants later in life, and greater change in rank between development and adulthood predicted greater risk of infant loss. However, both effects were statistically marginal and consistent with alternative explanations, including adult environmental quality effects. Consequently, our data do not provide compelling support for either of these common explanations for the evolution of early life effects.</p>
Data from: Extreme neck elongation evolved despite strong developmental constraints in bizarre Triassic reptiles – implication for neck modularity in archosaurs
<p>The Triassic radiation of vertebrates saw the emergence of the modern vertebrate groups, as well as numerous extinct animals exhibiting conspicuous, unique anatomical characteristics. Among these, members of Tanystropheidae (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) displayed cervical vertebral elongation to an extent unparalleled in any other vertebrate. Tanystropheids were exceptionally ecologically diverse and had a wide spatial and temporal distribution. This may have been related to their neck anatomy, yet its evolution and functional properties remain poorly understood. We used geometric morphometrics to capture the intraspecific variation between the vertebrae comprising the cervical column among early archosauromorphs, to trace the evolutionary history of neck elongation in these animals. Our results show that the cervical series of these reptiles can be divided into modules corresponding to those of extant animals. Tanystropheids achieved neck elongation through somite elongation and a shift between cervical and thoracic regions, without presacral vertebrae count increase - contrary to crown archosaurs. This suggests a peculiar developmental constraint that strongly affected the evolution of tanystropheids. The data obtained just at the base of the archosauromorph phylogenetic tree is crucial for further studies on the modularity of vertebral columns of not only Triassic reptile groups but extant and other extinct animals as well.</p>
Figure 1 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 1. Cartoon to show a simplified consensus phylogeny of Mesozoic birds.
Data from: Testing frameworks for early life effects: The developmental constraints and adaptive response hypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons
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Data from: Extreme neck elongation evolved despite strong developmental constraints in bizarre Triassic reptiles – implication for neck modularity in archosaurs
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Data from: Developmental constraints and resource environment shape early emergence and investment in spines in saplings
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Feather evolution following flight loss in crown group birds: relaxed selection and developmental constraints
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The functional diversity of marsupial limbs is influenced by both ecology and developmental constraint
<p>Extant marsupials are less ecologically diverse than placentals, and this is reflected by placentals exhibiting a greater diversity of locomotor modes, including powered flight and fully aquatic swimming. One proposed explanation for this discrepancy is that the development of more disparate marsupial forelimbs is prevented by the neonate's crawl to the pouch, which requires precocious forelimb development for climbing adaptations. To test predictions of this Developmental Constraint Hypothesis, we pursue a comparative morphometric study on osteological traits of mammalian limbs, with an emphasis on functional differentiation of marsupial limbs among locomotor modes. We apply multivariate analyses to a large dataset of limb metrics and a diverse sample of mammals, with the placental sample limited to taxa whose locomotor modes are exhibited in marsupials. Overall, we do not find consistent evidence in support of the Developmental Constraint Hypothesis. Diprotodontia serves as an exception, with comparisons of their forelimbs to hind limbs supporting the Developmental Constraint Hypothesis. Our results suggest that developmental constraints on marsupial forelimbs may have limited marsupial diversity to some degree. Despite this, the marsupial locomotor groups show unexpectedly high levels of morphological differentiation relative to placentals of the same locomotor modes, indicating that ecological functions may overcome developmental constraints on a macroevolutionary scale.</p>
Data from: Developmental constraints in a wild primate
Early-life experiences can dramatically affect adult traits. However, the evolutionary origins of such early-life effects are debated. The predictive adaptive response hypothesis argues that adverse early environments prompt adaptive phenotypic adjustments that prepare animals for similar challenges in adulthood. In contrast, the developmental constraints hypothesis argues that early adversity is generally costly. To differentiate between these hypotheses, we studied two sets of wild female baboons: those born during low-rainfall, low-quality years and those born during normal-rainfall, high-quality years. For each female, we measured fertility-related fitness components during years in adulthood that matched and mismatched her early conditions. We found support for the developmental constraints hypothesis: females born in low-quality environments showed greater decreases in fertility during drought years than females born in high-quality environments, even though drought years matched the early conditions of females born in low-quality environments. Additionally, we found that females born in low-quality years to high-status mothers did not experience reduced fertility during drought years. These results indicate that early ecological adversity did not prepare individuals to cope with ecological challenges in later life. Instead, individuals that experienced at least one high-quality early environment—either ecological or social—were more resilient to ecological stress in later life. Together, these data suggest that early adversity carries lifelong costs, which is consistent with the developmental constraints hypothesis.
Data from: Developmental constraints in a wild primate
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Data from: Developmental constraints do not influence long-term phenotypic evolution of marsupial forelimbs as revealed by interspecific disparity and integration patterns
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Data from: Life history as a constraint on plasticity: developmental timing is correlated with phenotypic variation in birds
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The functional diversity of marsupial limbs is influenced by both ecology and developmental constraint
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Data from: Constraints on mammalian forelimb development: insights from developmental disparity
Tetrapod limb development has been studied extensively for decades, yet the strength and role of developmental constraints in this process remains unresolved. Mammals exhibit a particularly wide array of limb morphologies associated with various locomotion modes and behaviors, providing a useful system for identifying periods of developmental constraint and conserved developmental mechanisms or morphologies. In this study, landmark-based geometric morphometrics are used to investigate levels and patterns of morphological diversity (disparity) among the developing forelimbs of four mammals with diverse limb morphologies: mice, opossums, horses, and pigs. Results indicate that disparity among the forelimbs of these species slightly decreases or stays the same from the appearance of the limb ridge to the bud stage, and increases dramatically from the paddle through tissue regression stages. Heterochrony exhibited by the precocial opossum limb was not found to drive these patterns of morphological disparity, suggesting that the low disparity of the middle stages of limb development (e.g., paddle stage) is driven by processes operating within the limb and is likely not a result of embryo-wide constraint.
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