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255 results for “Diet Analysis”
Fig. 1 in Is the Egyptian fruit-bat Rousettus aegyptiacus a pest in Israel? An analysis of the bat's diet and implications for its conservation
Fig. 1. Monthly mean number of droppings (with standard error bars) of Rousettus aegyptiacus in Nachash and Rakefet caves during 1994 and 1995. Samples collected from three 1 m2 sheets during 48 h each month.
Exploring variability in the diet of depredating sperm whales in the Gulf of Alaska through stable isotope analysis
Sperm whales interact with commercially important groundfish fisheries offshore in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). This study aims to use stable isotope analysis to better understand the trophic variability of sperm whales and their potential prey, and to use dietary mixing models to estimate the importance of prey species to sperm whale diets. We analyzed tissue samples from sperm whales and seven potential prey (five groundfish and two squid species). Samples were analyzed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and diet composition was estimated using Bayesian isotopic mixing models. Mixing model results suggest that an isotopically combined sablefish/dogfish group, skates, and rockfish make up the largest proportion of sperm whale diets (35%, 28% and 12%) in the GOA. The top prey items of whales that interact more frequently with fishing vessels consisted of skates (49%) and the sablefish/dogfish group (24%). This is the first known study to provide an isotopic baseline of adult male sperm whales and these adult groundfish and offshore squid species, and to assign contributions of prey to whale diets in the GOA. This study provides information to commercial fishermen and fisheries managers to better understand trophic connections of important commercial species.
Stable isotope analysis reveals shifts in diet of a breeding montane bird
<p><span>Insectivorous breeding birds require access to high quality prey to produce a successful nest. A lack of suitable prey (e.g., low nutritional quality or low invertebrate availability) that fulfill energetic demands can negatively affect nestling growth and survival. In high elevation ecosystems (>900 m), cooler and wetter climates can have negative influences on invertebrate availability which in turn can affect bird diets. Yet we lack studies of how diet composition changes over elevation gradients. Here, we assessed the diet of Swainson's Thrush (<em>Catharus ustulaus</em>) within the White Mountains, New Hampshire using stable isotope analysis and DNA metabarcoding. We found that the proportion of detritivore arthropods in thrush diets increased with elevation, while the proportion of predatory arthropods and overall niche-width declined. Further, we show that high-elevation thrushes had diets that were different in composition, but similar in diversity to thrushes at low-elevation sites. Lepidoptera, araneae, and coleoptera were important diet items across all elevations, but increases in woodlice and ghost spiders contributed to familial-level differences in diet composition at high-elevation sites. This research suggests montane breeding birds may be consuming low quality prey (i.e., millipedes) at high elevation sites, due to either availability or preference. With considerations due to climate change, environmental contamination, and residual impacts on the diet and nutrient availability for breeding montane birds, understanding diet composition changes along environmental gradients can provide information on nutrient availability for species that breed in harsh climatic conditions. Future work on invertebrate availability and nutritional composition, daily energy expenditure, and dietary niche would help contribute to important context to conserving montane birds within these sensitive, high elevation systems. </span></p>
Diet composition based on stable isotopic analysis of fecal samples revealed the preference of Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) for natural wetlands and fishponds
<p><span>Background:</span><span> Black-faced spoonbill (BFS) is a global endangered species, distributed only in the coastal zones of East Asia. Xinghua Bay is one of the main wintering sites and migration stopovers of BFS in mainland China. However, </span><span>with the </span><span>reduction and degradation of natural wetlands, it is uncertain whether the constructed wetland can provide habitat for the endangered BFS. Research on diet of BFS will help to understand their preference between natural and artificial wetlands, and also provide reference for their conservation and habitat restoration. </span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> In the early winter, the proportion of Palaemonidae in BFS's food was as high as 74.4%, while that of other food was only 3.0% to 6.0%. In the late winter, the food contribution of BFS was as follow: Portunidae </span><span>39.3% </span><span>> Palaemonidae </span><span>26.1% </span><span>> Cyprinidae </span><span>8.8% </span><span>></span> <span>Mugilidae </span><span>8.5% </span><span>> Gobiidae </span><span>7.3% </span><span>></span> <span>Crucian </span><span>5.1% </span><span>> Whiteshrimp </span><span>4.8%</span><span>. The proportion of Portunidae exceeded that of Palaemonidae, and together with Palaemonidae, it has become the main food of BFS in late winter. </span></p> <p><span>Conclusion: </span><span>The diet composition of BFS between the early and late winter was significantly different, which may be due to seasonal changes in food resources. Natural wetlands are the main feeding grounds of BFS, but artificial wetlands also provide them with supplementary feeding grounds and resting places. Aquaculture ponds play an important ecological function in maintaining the overwintering population of BFS in Xinghua Bay.</span></p>
Can diet composition estimates using stable isotope analysis of feathers predict growth and condition in nestling mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides)
<p>Insectivorous birds breeding in seasonal environments provision their dependent young during periods when prey diversity and abundance vary. Consequently, the composition and nutritional value of diets parents feed to their offspring may differ within and among broods, potentially affecting the condition of nestlings. In a population of mountain bluebirds (<i>Sialia currucoides</i>), we used two methods to estimate diet composition for individual nestlings: direct observation of provisioning using video recordings at 5 and 9 days post-hatch, and stable isotopes of the δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N in nestling feathers and prey followed by analysis with mixing models. We determined the macronutrient content (% fat and lean mass) and estimated the metabolized energy from each type of prey. We evaluated whether different methods of estimating diet composition would produce similar results, and if the types of prey nestlings ate at one or both ages affected their morphology, growth rates, or blood ketone concentration. We found that bluebirds fed their young 5 main types of prey: beetles, cicadas, grasshoppers, insect larvae, and spiders. Both observational and mixing model estimates of diet composition indicated that larvae are traded-off with grasshoppers, and that fewer larvae are provided to nestlings as the season progresses. In evaluating how diet influences individual growth and condition, estimates from direct observations had greater explanatory power than those from mixing models, indicating that diets rich in the most energy-dense prey (greatest fat content; cicadas and larvae) were associated with larger size and higher body condition, and faster rate of mass gain and growth of tarsus. Lower value prey had more limited, specific effects on nestlings, but may still be important dietary components. While isotopic methods produced estimates of diet composition that were generally informative, when applied to explain the growth and condition of nestlings they proved less useful. </p>
FIGURE 3 in Comparative analysis of the diet composition and its relation to morphological characteristics in Achirus mazatlanus and Syacium ovale (Pleuronectiformes: Osteichthyes) from a Mexican Pacific coastal lagoon
FIGURE 3 | Representation of selected food categories in groups defined by combinations of species and size groups. Diameters of circles proportional to square roots of percentage in weight. Am: Achirus mazatlanus; So: Syacium ovale; Numbers indicate size classes: 1 for LT <10 cm; 2 for LT ≥ 10 cm and LT ≤ 15 cm; 3 for LT> 15 cm.
FIGURE 2 in Comparative analysis of the diet composition and its relation to morphological characteristics in Achirus mazatlanus and Syacium ovale (Pleuronectiformes: Osteichthyes) from a Mexican Pacific coastal lagoon
FIGURE 2 | A. Dendrogram showing the result of numerical classification of stomach contents. B. Principal coordinate analysis plot. Vector overlay shows food categories with Spearman's correlation values of 0.5 or higher with ordination axes. Data pooled by species (Am: Achirus mazatlanus; So: Syacium ovale) and size classes (1 for LT <10 cm; 2 for LT ≥ 10 cm and LT ≤ 15 cm; 3 for LT> 15 cm).
Fig. 2 in Parasites in Myodes glareolus and their association with diet assessed by stable isotope analysis
Fig. 2. The relationship between parasite intensity and δ 15N values for the mite Listrophorus brevipes in September (S1) and October (S2) samples of Myodes glareolus. Note the log-scale for parasite abundance.
Fig. 3 in Parasites in Myodes glareolus and their association with diet assessed by stable isotope analysis
Fig. 3. The average Pearsons Correlation Coefficient (error bars: SE) between abundance and δ 13C and δ 15N for the two parasite groups: ecto and endoparasite for females (left) and males (right). The data includes 13 parasites occurring on 5 or more individuals and indicate consistent correlations for endoparasites and δ 15 N, while this is not the case for δ 13C.
Fig. 1 in Parasites in Myodes glareolus and their association with diet assessed by stable isotope analysis
Fig. 1. The relationship between δ 13C and δ 15N values for the 21 Myodes glareolus sampled from Kongelunden Denmark in September (S1) and October (S2). The rodents present great variation in isotope values.
Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively. in Factors affecting the diet of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a heterogeneous Mediterranean landscape
Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively.
Fig. 2 in Comparative analysis of the diet of Arctocephalus gazella (Pinnipedia), at two localities of the South Shetland Islands, with emphasis on the fish component
Fig. 2. Estimated standard length frequency distribution of Gymnoscopelus nicholsi (Gilbert, 1911), preyed on by Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875), at Stranger Point and Duthoit Point, South Shetland Islands, in February 2012.
Fig. 1 in Comparative analysis of the diet of Arctocephalus gazella (Pinnipedia), at two localities of the South Shetland Islands, with emphasis on the fish component
Fig. 1. The study area at South Shetland Islands: Stranger Point, King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo and Duthoit Point, Nelson Island (modified from MALVÉ et al., 2014 and BRAUN et al., 2017).
Fig. 4 in Comparative analysis of the diet of Arctocephalus gazella (Pinnipedia), at two localities of the South Shetland Islands, with emphasis on the fish component
Fig. 4. Estimated standard length frequency distribution of Electrona antarctica (Gunther, 1878) preyed on by Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875), at both sampling sites, Stranger Point and Duthoit Point, South Shetland Islands, in February 2012.
Fig. 3 in Comparative analysis of the diet of Arctocephalus gazella (Pinnipedia), at two localities of the South Shetland Islands, with emphasis on the fish component
Fig. 3. Estimated standard length frequency distribution of Pleuragramma antarctica (Boulenger, 1902) preyed on by Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875), at both sampling sites, Stranger Point and Duthoit Point, South Shetland Islands, in February 2012.
Otterly delicious: Spatiotemporal variation in the diet of a recovering population of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) revealed through DNA metabarcoding and morphological analysis of prey remains
<p>Eurasian otters are apex predators of freshwater ecosystems and a recovering species across much of their European range; investigating the dietary variation of this predator over time and space therefore provides opportunities to identify changes in freshwater trophic interactions and factors influencing the conservation of otter populations. Here we sampled faeces from 300 dead otters across England and Wales between 2007 and 2016, conducting both morphological analysis of prey remains and dietary DNA metabarcoding. Comparison of these methods showed that greater taxonomic resolution and breadth could be achieved using DNA metabarcoding but combining data from both methodologies gave the most comprehensive dietary description. All otter demographics exploited a broad range of taxa and variation likely reflected changes in prey distributions and availability across the landscape. This study provides novel insights into the trophic generalism and adaptability of otters across Britain, which is likely to have aided their recent population recovery, and may increase their resilience to future environmental changes.</p>
Meta-analysis and critical review of trophic discrimination factors (Δ13C and Δ15N): importance of tissue, trophic level, and diet source
<ol> <li>Robustly quantifying dietary resource use and trophic position using stable isotopes requires accurate trophic discrimination factors (TDF; Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N for carbon and nitrogen, respectively), defined as the isotopic difference between consumer and diet. Early TDF studies converged on values of around 1.0‰ for Δ<sup>13</sup>C and 3.4‰ for Δ<sup>15</sup>N, but more recent work indicates that TDF values may be more nuanced, depending on taxa, tissues, trophic level, and diets. Yet, the relative importance of these factors remains unclear.</li> <li>Focusing on vertebrates (birds, fish, herptiles, and mammals), we conducted a literature review of 279 studies that estimated TDF values and used a Bayesian framework to determine how tissue type, trophic level, and diet source influence variation in Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N. Additionally, we reviewed 358 trophic ecology studies to determine if studies accounted for these factors during their TDF selection process.</li> <li>For Δ<sup>13</sup>C, vertebrates showed consistent patterns among tissue types (likely influenced by amino acid composition) and between trophic levels and diet sources (likely a result of dietary protein content and metabolic routing). Comparatively, for Δ<sup>15</sup>N, vertebrates showed considerable variation among tissue types and trophic levels, likely due to differences in tissue synthesis and physiological capabilities. Overall, Δ<sup>13</sup>C ranged from -5.1‰ to 9.1‰ and Δ<sup>15</sup>N from -3.3‰ to 9.7‰, underscoring that 1.0‰ for Δ<sup>13</sup>C and 3.4‰ for Δ<sup>15</sup>N are not universally appropriate. Moreover, both Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N varied by more than 9‰ within a single species and tissue type, demonstrating that using TDF values from the same, or similar, species may not be appropriate if diet and trophic level are not considered.</li> <li>Despite the importance of diet source on TDF values, most trophic ecology studies did not account for it. Further, most fish studies relied on literature review values that failed to account for tissue type, trophic level, and diet source. To aid ecologists in diet and trophic assessments of vertebrates, we used our meta-analysis to model taxon-specific TDF estimates (mean ± SD) for each tissue type, trophic level, and diet source combination. These more refined TDF values should improve ecological assessments that use stable isotopes.</li> </ol>
Stable isotope analysis reveals shifts in diet of a breeding montane bird
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Exploring variability in the diet of depredating sperm whales in the Gulf of Alaska through stable isotope analysis
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Can diet composition estimates using stable isotope analysis of feathers predict growth and condition in nestling mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides)
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