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Figure 5. A Dorsum B ventrum C in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 5. A Dorsum B ventrum C side of head D palmar view of left hand, and E plantar view of right foot of holotype of Paedophryne oyatabu (BPBM 16433).

Figure 4. A Dorsum B ventrum C in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 4. A Dorsum B ventrum C side of head D palmar view of left hand, and E plantar view of left foot of holotype of Paedophryne kathismaphlox (BPBM 17977).

Figure 6 in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 6. Map of southeastern Papua New Guinea, showing type localities for Paedophryne kathismaphlox (filled circle) and P. oyatabu (star).

Figure 3. A Lateral B in New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea

Figure 3. A Lateral B dorsal, and C ventral superficial head muscles for Cophixalus verrucosus (BPBM 15282) D lateral E dorsal, and F ventral superficial head muscles for Aphantophryne pansa (BPBM 25278), and G lateral H dorsal, and I ventral superficial head muscles for Paedophryne kathismaphlox (BPBM 35353). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 1 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 1. Shaded relief map (based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 3 arcsecond/90 m digital elevation model) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, showing the location of the 8abc limestone locality.

FIG. 2 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 2. Nearly complete left maxilla of USNM PAL 768729. A, lateral and B, medial views. Medial view also shows the palpebral, which remained attached to the maxilla. C, Close-up of third (preserved) maxillary tooth from rear. Abbreviations: ASAF, anterior superior alveolar foramen; cr.tv., crista transversalis; fac.pr., facial process; j.gr., jugal groove; l.fac., lacrimal facet; lat.r., lateral ridge (= crista lateralis); l.rec., lacrimal recess; n.fac., nasal facet; palp., palpebral; prf.rec., prefrontal recess.

FIG. 6 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 6. Central fragment of left scapulocoracoid of USNM PAL 768729. The scapula and coracoid are indistinguishably fused. Abbreviations: cc.for., coracoid foramen; gl.fos., glenoid fossa; sc-cc.fen., scapulocoracoid fenestra; sc.for., scapular foramen.

FIG. 5 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 5. Dorsal vertebra of USNM PAL 768729. A, dorsal, B, left lateral, and C, ventral views. Note the low neural spine. Abbreviations: cond., condyle; cot., cotyle; n.sp., neural spine; poz., postzygapophysis; prz., prezygapophysis; syn., synapophysis.

FIG. 8 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 8. Phylogenetic relationships of USNM PAL 768729 based on four methods (above and opposite page). A, Maximum parsimony with enforced molecular constraint. Numbers above branches are bootstrap support based on 1000 replications. Results with no constraint have identical topology with respect to Pan-Xenosaurus. B, Standard Bayesian inference. Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities. C, Fossilized birth-death

FIG. 7 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 7. Relation between maxillary tooth length and snout-vent length (SVL) in iguanid lizards (log-log space). Ordinary least squares regression was used to predict SVL from tooth length. Iguanid lizards were preferred to anguimorphs because the broad spectrum of body size covered by available skeletons did not require extrapolation. Red dot represents prediction for USNM PAL 768729.

FIG. 4 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 4. Partial left mandible of USNM PAL 768729 in medial view. A, Articular region, with broken retroarticular process. B, Middle region, including coronoid and angular. Abbreviations: ang., angular; cb.I, ceratobranchial I; cn., coronoid; part., prearticular; p.mh.f., posterior mylohyoid foramen; ra.pr., retroarticular process; spl.fac., splenial facet.

FIG. 3 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 3. Right jugal of USNM PAL 768729. A, lateral and B, medial views. Abbreviations: mx.fac., maxillary facet; qj.tub., quadratojugal tubercle.

Fig. 5 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 5. Comparison of the rostra and posterior portion of the neurocrania in dorsal view of two beaked whales. A. The holotype of Ihlengesi changoensis sp. nov. (MUAP(MM)-068) from the sea floor off Pisagua, Northern Chile; Plio-Pleistocene. B. The paratype of Ihlengesi saldanhae (SAM PQ 69673) from the sea floor off Saldanha Bay, South Africa; age unknown.

Fig. 1. A in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 1. A. Schematic map providing the position of Pisagua in South America. B. Schematic map of Northern Chile coast around Pisagua and sea floor bathymetry showing approximative discovery locality of the holotype MUAP(MM)-068 cranium of the beaked whale Ihlengesi changoensis sp. nov. at a depth of 1000 m (star).

Fig. 7 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 7. Body size evolution amongst ziphiids. The tree is the single most parsimonious as presented in Fig. 6. (E) genera with extant species. See text and Lambert et al. (2013: fig. 16) for details.

Fig. 3 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 3. Comparison of the neurocrania and the posterior portion of the rostra in dorsal view in two beaked whales. A. The holotype of Ihlengesi changoensis sp. nov. (MUAP(MM)-068) from the sea floor off Pisagua, Northern Chile; Plio-Pleistocene. B. The holotype of Ihlengesi saldanhae (SAM PQ 2792) from the sea floor off Saldanha Bay, South Africa; age unknown.

Fig. 4 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 4. Comparison of the crania in anterior view of the holotype of three beaked whales. A. Ihlengesi changoensis sp. nov. (MUAP(MM)-068) from the sea floor off Pisagua, Northern Chile; Plio-Pleistocene. B. The holotype of Ihlengesi saldanhae (SAM PQ 2792) from the sea floor off Saldanha Bay, South Africa; age unknown. C. The holotype Khoikhoicetus agulhasis (SAM PQ 2678) from the sea floor off Cape Agulhas, South Africa; age unknown. Diagonal lines represent broken surfaces.

Fig. 6 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 6. Single most parsimonious tree of the heuristic search with downweighted homoplastic characters (K = 3) showing the relationships of Ihlengesi changoensis sp. nov. (in bold) with the other ziphiids. Numbers associated with branches are bootstrap values. (E) genera with extant species. See text, Appendix 1, and Bianucci et al. (2016b) for data matrix and description of characters.

Fig. 8 in A new diminutive fossil ziphiid from the deep-sea floor off northern Chile and some remarks on the body size evolution and palaeobiogeography of the beaked whales

Fig. 8. Geographic distribution of the main fossils of ziphiids recovered from the seafloor of the Southern Hemisphere. Data from: 1, this study; 2, Ichishima et al. (2017); 3, Bianucci et al. (2006, 2007); 4, Lambert et al. (2018); 5, Gol'din and Vishnyakova (2013).