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Fig. 6 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 6 Celcalca of 'Diplostomum mergi Lcneage 2' of Geolgceva et al. [6]) ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 5 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 5 Celcalca of Diplostomum parviventosum ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 9 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 9 Celcalca of 'Diplostomum sp. Clade Q' of Geolgceva et al. [6] ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Bods; b, Antelcol olgan, latelal vcew (SEM); c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Fulcae (SEM); f, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 8 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 8 Celcalca of Diplostomum mergi Lcneage 4 ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 1 Map of the Ruhl lcvel ssstem cn Gelmans wcth samplcng sctes. Abbreviations: Ba, Baldenesesee; He, Hengstessee; Hn, Hennetalspelle; So, Solpetalspelle; Ve, Velsetalspelle. Lymnaea stagnalis; Radix auricularia; Radix peregra; Stagnicola palustris

Fig. 11 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 11 Celcalca of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum ex Lymnaea stagnalis (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew, allows cndccate gloup of latelal ple-olal spcnes (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 7 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 7 Celcalca of 'Diplostomum mergi Lcneage 3' of Geolgceva et al. [6] ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 10 in Integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of Diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from Europe with a focus on the 'Diplostomum mergi' species complex

Fig. 10 Celcalca of Diplostomum spathaceum ex Radix auricularia (lcght and scanncng electlon mccloscops, SEM). a, Restcng posctcon; b, Bods; c, Antelcol olgan, apccal vcew (SEM); d, Ventlal suckel (SEM); e, Tacl stem and fulcae (SEM); f, Fulcae (SEM)

Fig. 3 in Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite (Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby

Fig. 3. Mean abundance of Diplostomum spp. in two-year old yellow perch (Perca flavescens) at sites from the three fluvial lakes of the St. Lawrence River between years before and after the establishment of the invasive round goby. Data are expressed as mean number of metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum per fish including uninfected ones ± SEM. Significant differences among years within each locality are indicated by different letters beside histograms. Fish silhouettes within graph panels highlight the presence of the invasive round goby at that given site/year(s), the icon being gray if the species was only occasionally recorded. Main ring-billed gull colonies are illustrated on the map by bird silhouettes: 1 = Cornwall; 2 = Beauharnois; 3 = ̂ILe Deslauriers; 4 = ̂Ile Lefebvre.

Fig. 5 in Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite (Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby

Fig. 5. Trends in ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) populations (A) and in water levels in the St. Lawrence River (B) during the study period (1998‾2016). A: The solid black curve shows the variation over time of the total number of ring-billed gulls recorded along the St. Lawrence River from Cornwall to Trois-Rivìeres whereas dotted curves depict the change in gull counts in each of the main colonies within this area. The numbered bird icons match those shown in Figs. 1 and 3: Bird 1 = Cornwall; bird 2 = Beauharnois; bird 3 = ̂ILe Deslauriers; bird 4 = ̂Ile Lefebvre. B: Monthly mean water levels in April (green) and September (gray) at the Montreal Jetty no 1 station (solid lines) and at the Summerstown station (dashed lines). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite (Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby

Fig. 2. Variation in Diplostomum spp. mean abundance over years in Lake St. Francis (LSF-1) in (A) one-year old yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and (B) one-year old golden shiner. Data are expressed as mean number of metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum per fish including uninfected ones ± SEM. Significant differences among years within each locality are indicated by different letters above histograms. Black fish silhouettes within graph panels illustrate the occurrence of the invasive round goby among the fish captured at that site. See Fig. 3 for site location.

Fig. 1 in Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite (Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby

Fig. 1. Temporal changes in the mean abundance of Diplostomum spp. in spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) (green circle) and round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) (black square) at two sites in the St. Lawrence River. Data are expressed as mean numbers of metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. per fish including uninfected ones ± SEM. Significant differences among years within each locality are indicated by different lower-case letters (round gobies) and upper-case letters (spottail shiners). Arrows within graph panels point to year of first sighting of the invasive round goby at each site. On the background map, sampling sites (̂Ilet Vert = IVT, ̂Iles de la Paix = IPA) are identified and the host species examined are represented by different fish silhouettes (green = spottail shiners, black = round gobies). Bird silhouettes indicate where main colonies of ring-billed gulls are localized: 2 = Beauharnois; 3 = ̂ILe Deslauriers. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite (Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby

Fig. 6. Potential mechanisms to explain the observed sharp decline of Diplostomum spp. infection in fish in the St. Lawrence River. Those involving a dilution effect induced by the exotic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) appears in pale red rectangles with rounded corners. Other biotic or abiotic factors are displayed in blue rectangles. Gastropod illustration, representing lymnaeid snails, is a graphic art by Tracey Saxby, provided by the Integration and Application Network (IAN), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (www.ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary). The bird image, used to illustrate a ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis), is a public domain clipart downloaded from www. openclipart.org. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 5. Representative electroretinograms from eyes of an uninfected yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and a perch infected with Diplostomum baeri. Arrows indicate the a-wave and the b-wave. The ERG waves were analyzed for amplitude and latency (time to peak). Note reduction in ERG b-wave amplitude and increase in b-wave latency recorded from the infected eye. Stimulus intensity units = μJ/cm2, time base = 0.27 s/div, amplitude = 15.5 mV/div.

Fig. 3 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 3. Paraffin sections of normal yellow perch (Perca flavescens) retinas stained with H&E. A. Structure of the retina, photoreceptor layer, pigment epithelium, choroid and the rete mirabile which supplies high levels of O2 to the retina. B. Normal structure of the optic nerve, optic disc and cribiform plate. Bar = 100 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 4. Paraffin sections of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) retinas and choroid infected with Diplostomum baeri, stained with H&E. A. Metacercariae in the choroid layer with thinning of the pigment epithelium. Retina in the unifected region on the far left of the image is in proximity to the rete mirabile. B. Pocket of metacercariae with melanin debris due to extensive damage to the choroid and pigment epithelium. C. Large pocket of metacercariae with melanin debris and loss of the pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer (arrow). D. Uninfected region of the same eye shown in image C with normal retina, pigment epithelium and optic nerve. This was the only metacercaria seen in the vitreous humor of a perch on a histological section. E. Presence of the metacercaria increases the diffusion distance for O2 from the rete mirabile to the retina. Note damage to the pigment epithelium in locations of contact with the metacercaria. F. WrightGiemsa stain of the same region shown in image E. No inflammatory cells were detected. Bar = 100 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 1. ERG recording chamber. The eyecup sits on filter paper saturated with Ringer solution making contact with the reference electrode. The recording electrode is in the vitreous humor of the eyecup. The LED was placed 4 cm from the eyecup.

Fig. 6 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 6. Effect of Diplostomum baeri infection on the electroretinogram of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) as compared to recordings from normal fish. Infection had no effect on the a-wave but significantly reduced b-wave amplitude. Infection caused a strong trend toward an increase in latency (time to peak) of the a-wave and significantly increased the latency of the b-wave. (*p ≤ 0.05; # 0.05 <p ≤ 0.06; t-test, n = 10).

Fig. 7 in Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae

Fig. 7. Flicker fusion frequency of the electroretinogram is reduced by Diplostomum baeri infection. A. Responses to stimulation at 10 Hz, 20 Hz and 40 Hz in an uninfected yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Flicker fusion is reached at 40 Hz. B. Responses to stimulation at 5 Hz and 10 Hz in an infected perch. Flicker fusion is reached at 10 Hz. Time base = 0.27 s/div, amplitude = 15.5 mV/div.