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FIG. 6 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 6. — Selection of skulls of dog breeds originating in the Americas (selection not exhaustive). These dogs demonstrate the great variation in skull shape and body size of modern American breeds, from slender to short snouted and from giant to dwarf sized varieties, including hairless forms with oligodontia. A, Chesapeake Bay Retriever (NMBE 1051681);B, Alaskan Malamute (NMBE 1051387);C, Chihuahua (NMBE 1052001);D, Fila Brasileiro (I.f.H. 14005, mirrored);E, Mexican hairless dog (ZMUZH 13754); F, Peruvian hairless dog (NMBE 1062857); G, Boston Terrier (NMBE 1051959); H, Newfoundland (NMBE 1050502). Abbreviations: I.f.H., Zoologisches Institut/Populationsgenetik (former Institut für Haustierkunde), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; NMBE, collection of the Albert-Heim-Foundation at the Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Switzerland;ZMUZH, Zoologisches Museum der Universität Zürich, Switzerland. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 3 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 3. — Drawings of skulls of pre-Columbian domestic dogs. These drawings were published as part of Alfred Nehring's work (1884) and show skulls of domestic dogs that have been excavated in the Inca burial ground of Ancon, Peru. The same skulls are also depicted in Figure 2. A, shepherd-like dog in ventral view; B, bulldog-like dog in ventral view; C, same dog as in B but from dorsal view. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 1 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 1. — "Canis mexicana", a domestic dog with peculiar humps and apparent muscle hypertrophy, as depicted in 1651 by Hernández in his Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus (Hernández 1992). Previously dismissed as a caricature (Ueck 1961), it may actually illustrate a phenotype associated with mutations in the myostatin gene. Picture retrieved from Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/rerummedicarumno00hern/page/466/mode/1up, last consultation on 30 November 2021.

FIG. 5 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 5. — Photos of selected dog breeds originating in the Americas. A-J, dogs from North America; K-P, dogs from South and Central America and Cuba. All photo images are from Shutterstock, photo credit is indicated in parenthesis. A, Alaskan Malamute, 19 months old (Eric Isselee); B, Longhaired whippet (MirasWonderland); C, American bulldog puppy, five months old (Erik Lam); D, American cocker spaniel standing with reflection on white background, three years old (WilleeCole Photography); E, three American hairless terriers (Dora Zett); F, Chesapeake Bay retriever (Erik Lam); G, American Akita (Jagodka); H, Silken Windhound (Erik Lam); I, Siberian Husky, four years old (Eric Isselee); J, Miniature American shepherd (MirasWonderland); K, young chihuahuas (cynoclub); L, Xoloitzcuintli,Mexican hairless dog (Masarik); M, Peruvian hairless dog, one year old (Rosa Jay); N, young Bichon Havanese dog (Dorottya Mathe); O, Brazilian Fox-terrier (venturinirica); P, Argentinian Dogo (GeptaYs).

FIG. 2 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 2. — Remains of pre-Columbian domestic dogs as reported in the nineteenth century. Drawings of remains of domestic dogs excavated from the graves of Ancon in Peru, as depicted in Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: plates 117, 118; picture modified to exclude the depiction of a fox-like animal). A, mummies, as well as skull with mandible of one mummy, of shepherd-like domestic dogs; B, skulls and mandibles of shepherd-like, dachshund-like, and bulldog-like domestic dogs as well as long bones of the forelimb of a dachshund-like domestic dog. Two of these skulls are also depicted in Figure 3. Available from the IberoAmerikanisches Institut (Preussischer Kulturbesitz), https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/image/1681616637/225/ and https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/ image/1681616637/229/, last consultation on 30 November 2021. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 4 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 4. — Skulls of putative pre-Columbian domestic dogs at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Skulls are housed in the Nehring-Collection (Zoologische Sammlung der KÖniglichen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule zu Berlin). A, "Inca dog" from Ancon (Zm 355), Peru (Nehring 1884), annotated as "Inca dog from Ancon, 1889" (as noted in the collection catalogue [1886] and as written on the actual specimen). This specimen most likely does not belong to the collection described by Nehring (1884: fig. 3) and Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: fig. 1), which also originated from the graves in Ancon, Peru, but which are assumed to have been destroyed in the World Wars (Ueck 1961; B, C, Pre-Columbian dogs (7031 and 7013) from Puebla, Mexico, Nehring-Collection. Specimens are without present-day collection numbers. Every skull is depicted in dorsal, ventral, and lateral view (from left to right), where the lateral view of B is mirrored. B, "7031" and C, "7013" although also housed in the Nehring-Collection, were found by Prof. Seler in Berlin (as described in the collection files). In contrast to A, these apparently unpublished remains are described as "from an old grave in the district Chalchicomula, close to Jalapazco, Puebla Mexico". Further, both skulls are described as to be "surely from a time before the conquest of Mexico". Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 7. — Cranium of a Salish woolly dog (Specimen #1) excavated in 1977 from the Semiahmoo Spit, WA (45WH17), dated to 900-420 years BP (Montgomery 1979): A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Fig. 4 in The threat of free-ranging domestic dog to native wildlife: implication for conservation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 4. The spatial distribution of perceived risk from domestic dog (Canis familiaris) across mainland Southeast Asia. Excluded human settlements and water bodies have been marked in white.

Fig. 3 in The threat of free-ranging domestic dog to native wildlife: implication for conservation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 3. Percentage perceived risk in Avian and Mammalian orders. Height of peaks represent number of species scaled to 2, see Supplementary Materials 4 and 5. Orders with two or less species, including Otidiformes, Dermoptera, Perissodactyla, Pholidota, and Proboscidea, were removed for visualisation.

Fig. 2 in The threat of free-ranging domestic dog to native wildlife: implication for conservation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 2. Percentage perceived risk in Red List categories. Height of peaks represent number of species scaled to 2, see Supplementary Materials 4 and 5.

Fig. 1 in The threat of free-ranging domestic dog to native wildlife: implication for conservation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 1. Bayesian networks modelling (a) perceived risk to carnivore mammalian species, (b) perceived risk to non-carnivore mammalian species, (c) perceived risk to Avian species and, (d) the spatial distribution of perceived risk from domestic dogs in mainland Southeast Asia.

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Data and code for: A standardised approach to quantifying activity in domestic dogs

Objective assessment of activity via accelerometry can provide valuable insights into dog health and welfare. Common activity metrics involve using acceleration cut-points to group data into intensity categories and reporting the time spent in each category. Lack of consistency and transparency in cut-point derivation makes it difficult to compare findings between studies. We present an alternative metric for use in dogs: the acceleration threshold (as a fraction of standard gravity,1g = 9.81m/s2) above which the animal's X most active minutes are accumulated (MXACC) over a 24-hour period. We report M2ACC, M30ACC and M60ACC data from a colony of healthy beagles (n=6) aged 3-13 months. To ensure that reference values are applicable across a wider dog population, we incorporated labelled data from beagles and volunteer pet dogs (n=16) of a variety of ages and breeds. The dogs' normal activity patterns were recorded at 200 Hz for 24-hours using collar-based Axivity-AX3 accelerometers. We calculated acceleration vector magnitude and MXACC metrics. Using labelled data from both beagles and pet dogs, we characterise the range of acceleration outputs exhibited for a variety of behaviours, enabling meaningful interpretation of MXACC. These metrics will help standardise measurement of canine activity, inform development of exercise guidelines and adherence monitoring, and serve as outcome measures for veterinary and translational research. This repository contains two files: 1) `LMM_input_data.csv`, a spreadsheet file containing the raw data used to explore the effect of modifying epoch length and sample frequency on aggregate activity metrics using linear mixed effects models as described in the manuscript. There is one row per dog per epoch length, sample frequency and age combination, and 2) `getMostActiveMinsThresh.m`, a MATLAB function used to compute the MX ACC outcome metrics that are explored in the manuscript.

Fig. 4 in Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border

Fig. 4. Path analysis on the influences of contact and feeding on wild mammals in relation to infections of dogs surveyed at Urucum settlement, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil in 2015.

Fig. 3 in Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border

Fig. 3. Path analysis on the influences of infections in relation to physical examination of dogs surveyed at Urucum settlement, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil in 2015.

Fig. 2 in Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border

Fig. 2. Three-way Venn diagram illustrating coinfection, single infection or no infection of T. cruzi, T. evansi, and Leishmania spp. in 62 dogs from the Urucum settlement along the Brazil-Bolivia border. Total numbers and percentages are presented.

Fig. 1 in Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border

Fig. 1. The Brazil-Bolivian border and Urucum settlement (Corumbá, MS) demonstrating the site of collections.