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127 results for “Early Permian”
Data from: The amphibamiform Nanobamus macrorhinus from the early Permian of Texas
Nanobamus macrorhinus is a small amphibamiform temnospondyl from the early Permian Arroyo Formation of Texas. It is most readily characterized by an elongate and partially subdivided naris. This condition is superficially reminiscent of that seen in the coeval trematopids, the group to which N. macrorhinus was originally referred to under an interpretation of the holotype as a larval form. This was discounted by later workers, but the amphibamiform affinities of the specimen were not formalized until recently. The specimen has never been described in the context of its amphibamiform affinities and remains poorly characterized, never having been sampled in a phylogenetic analysis. Here we present a complete, updated osteological description of N. macrorhinus, including an improved characterization of its unique mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features and clarification of the taxon's autapomorphies. Our analysis of the taxon's phylogenetic position within Amphibamiformes shows that N. macrorhinus is recovered as diverging after basal amphibamiforms such the micropholids and before derived amphibamiforms such as the amphibamids. This is supported by the unique mixture of retained plesiomorphies such as non-foreshortened postparietals and an oval choana and apomorphies such as a narrow interorbital region and slender palatal rami of the pterygoid. These results reflect the complexity of terrestrial amphibamiform diversity and provide further insight into the evolutionary history of the lissamphibian stem in terrestrial environments.
Data from: The amphibamiform Nanobamus macrorhinus from the early Permian of Texas
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Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), habitus. Interpretative drawing (a) and photograph (b side, extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (b). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.
Figure 3 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 3. Template for assembly of operative models of right fore- and hind wing reconstructions of Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. See text for abbreviations and colour coding, and Béthoux et al. (2016) for a video tutorial. Assembly instructions: print the whole figure and fold along the grey dashed line; glue inner sides of paper sheet together; cut out wings along their outlines; in the hind wing, imprint the folds with a needle and a ruler; imprint concave folds (purple) on the dorsal side; imprint convex folds (green, orange, and blue) on ventral side; and imprint red fold weakly on both sides. To assist colour-blind readers, folds should be imprinted where represented by a full-colour full line (as opposed to a pale-colour dash-dotted line).
Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), detail of the left hind wing as located in Fig. 1b. Photograph (extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (a) and the same but with interpretative drawing (reproduced from Fig. 1a). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.
Figure 3 in An insect wing discovered in the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation (Shanxi Province, China)
Figure 3. Putative stem-Orthoptera from the Taiyuan Formation (SXMG IV 0480): (a) interpretative drawing (see text for alternative interpretation) and (b) photograph (flipped horizontally).
Figure 2 in An insect wing discovered in the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation (Shanxi Province, China)
Figure 2. The stratigraphic column of the Taiyuan Formation, near Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China. The arrow indicates the fossil horizon.
Fig. 5 in A new euselachian shark from the early Permian of the Middle Urals, Russia
Fig. 5. Tooth (PM SPU 81-2) of the euselachian shark Artiodus prominens Ivanov and Duffin gen. et sp. nov. from the Artinskian (Early Permian) of Krasnoufimskie Klyuchiki quarry (Middle Urals, Russia). Micro-CT virtual model in labial (A), lingual (B), and basal (D) views. Virtual sections: longitudinal section of the tooth (C); section series of the base (F–H). Virtual model of the tooth in basal view with transparent dental tissues (E). Scale bars 500 μm.
Fig. 3 in A new euselachian shark from the early Permian of the Middle Urals, Russia
Fig. 3. Teeth of the euselachian shark Artiodus prominens Ivanov and Duffin gen. et sp. nov. from the Artinskian (Early Permian) of Krasnoufimskie Klyuchiki quarry (Middle Urals, Russia). A. NHMUK PV P65426. B. NHMUK PV P65452. C. NHMUK PV P65427. D. NHMUK PV P65450. E. NHMUK PV P65451. F. NHMUK PV P65455. G. NHMUK PV P65457. H. NHMUK PV P65456. I. NHMUK PV P65458. J. NHMUK PV P65454. K. NHMUK PV P65453. L. NHMUK PV P65459. A–F, labial views; G–L, lingual views. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in A new euselachian shark from the early Permian of the Middle Urals, Russia
Fig. 2. Teeth of the euselachian shark Artiodus prominens Ivanov and Duffin gen. et sp. nov. from the Artinskian (Early Permian) of Krasnoufimskie Klyuchiki quarry (Middle Urals, Russia). A. PM SPU 81-1, holotype, lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views. B. PM SPU 81-2, labio-basal view. C. PM SPU 81-3, occlusal view. D. PM SPU 81-4, labio-basal (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. PM SPU 81-5, lingual view. F. PM SPU 81-6, labio-basal view. G. PM SPU 81-7, lingual view. H. PM SPU 81-8, lingual view. I. PM SPU 81-9, lingual view. J. PM SPU 81-10, occlusal view. K. PM SPU 81-11, occlusal (K1) and labial (K2) views. L. PM SPU 81-12, labio-basal view. Scale bars 1 mm. All SEM images.
Fig. 1 in A new euselachian shark from the early Permian of the Middle Urals, Russia
Fig. 1. Maps of Ural (A) and Krasnoufimsk area (B; source of the map from https://yandex.ru/maps/) showing the location of Krasnoufimskie Klyuchiki quarry.
Fig. 3 in On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid
Fig. 3. Reconstructions in palatal view of synapsid skulls. A. Dimetrodon limbatus Cope, 1877 (modified from Romer and Price 1940). B. Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908 (modified from Laurin and Reisz 1996). C. Biarmosuchus tener Tchudinov, 1960 (modified from Ivakhnenko 1999). D. Gorgonops torvus Owen, 1876 (modified from Sigogneau 1970). The quadrate is colored in green, upper postcanines in orange, quadrate process of the pterygoid in yellow, and interpterygoid vacuity in brown (see arrow in D).
Fig. 4 in On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid
Fig. 4. Reconstructions (A–D) or specimen drawings (E) in lateral view of synapsid skulls. A. Haptodus garnettensis Currie, 1977 (modified from Laurin 1993). B. Dimetrodon limbatus Cope, 1877, sagittal section (modified from Romer and Price 1940). C. Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908 (modified from Laurin and Reisz 1996). D. Syodon efremovi Orlov, 1940 (modified from Orlov 1958). E. Lycaenops angusticeps (Broom, 1913) UCMP 42701 (modified from Laurin 1998). The quadrate is colored in green, epipterygoid in blue, upper postcanines in orange, and upper margin of the temporal fenestra in purple.
Fig. 2 in On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid
Fig. 2. Drawing of the synapsid Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908, holotype (Clear Fork Group: Leonardian, Texas). AMNH 4526 (modified from Laurin and Reisz 1996). Left lateral (A), palatal (B), and right lateral (C) views. The black arrow indicates the suture between braincase and dermal skull. The quadrate is colored in green, epipterygoid in blue, upper postcanines in orange, upper margin of the temporal fenestra in purple, quadrate process of the pterygoid in yellow, and interpterygoid vacuity in brown.
Fig. 1 in On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid
Fig. 1. Picture of the synapsid Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908, AMNH 4526 (modified from Laurin and Reisz 1996), holotype (Clear Fork Group: Leonardian, Texas). Left lateral (A), palatal (B), and right lateral (C) views. Reproduced with permission from the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Fig. 5 in On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid
Fig. 5. Time−calibrated tree displaying the relationship between Haptodus, Dimetrodon, Tetraceratops, and 20 other therapsids. The putative position of Eutheriododontia (a taxon that includes Therocephalia and Cynodontia, the latter including Mammalia) was added after the analysis, in the position suggested (for Cynodontia) by Liu et al. (2009). The bootstrap and Bremer support values are also included. The branch lengths are approximate but reflect geological time.
Fig. 3. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 in Tooth microstructure of the Early Permian aquatic predator Stereosternum tumidum
Fig. 3. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 from Passo do São Borja outcrop, Irati Formation, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin; UFRGS-PV-0378-P. A. Close view of the tooth attachment complex (the tooth wall is at the left). An anchorage trabecula is indicated, partly composed of avascular cementum and partly of alveolar bone. It is also possible to individualize the layers of orthodentine, externalmost vasodentine and interglobular dentine (at the right). B. Schematic drawing ofA. C. Detail of an anchorage trabecula, viewed in reflected light optical microscopy. Abbreviations: ab, alveolar bone; ce, cementum; igd, interglobular dentine; od, orthodentine; tr, anchorage trabecula; vc, vascular canalicle; vd, vasodentine.
Fig. 2. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 in Tooth microstructure of the Early Permian aquatic predator Stereosternum tumidum
Fig. 2. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 from Passo do São Borja outcrop, Irati Formation, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin; UFRGS-PV-0378-P. A. Composite photograph of a longitudinal cut of the anteriormost preserved tooth. B. Closer view of the distal extremity of the same tooth. The enamel layer is visible in a lighter color. Some dentinary tubules are indicated. C. Closer view of a section of the base of the same tooth, indicating the mixed composition of the dentinary wall. The crenulated boundary surface between the dentinary wall and the pulp is shown. Dashed lines indicate two denteons, and some vascular canalicles are also noted. Abbreviations: cs, crenulated surface of the pulp-dental boundary; igd, interglobular dentine; od, orthodentine; vc, vascular canalicle; vd, vasodentine.
Fig. 1. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 in Tooth microstructure of the Early Permian aquatic predator Stereosternum tumidum
Fig. 1. Mesosaurid parareptile Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 from Passo do São Borja outcrop, Irati Formation, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin. A. UFRGS-PV-0378-P. Lateral view of the partial left dentary (A 1), before abrasion. The rostral portion is to the left. Enlarged partial view (A 2), highlighting some of the pores of the anterior region of the dentary. B. UFRGS-PV-0378-P. Partial abrasion of specimen (B 1), showing the alternation of empty and tooth-bearing sockets Arrows indicate two consecutive empty sockets that break the alternate pattern. The partially exposed meckelian cavity is also indicated. Detail (B 2), some anchorage trabeculae are indicated. Thin section of the anterior tooth from B2 (B 3), shown in oblique cut. Dashed line indicates the boundary between alveolar bone and dentary bone. Two trabeculae are also pointed. At the base of the tooth, some canalicles are indicated, connecting the pulp cavity with the dentary bone. Enlarged view (B 4) of the alveolar wall indicated in B3. Large white arrows point to the boundary between the alveolar bone and the dentary bone. The space between the alveolar bone and the cementum layer that covers the tooth base is indicated between dashed lines, and was supposedly filled in life with soft periodontal ligament. Abbreviations: ab, alveolar bone; bc, bone cell lacunae; ce, cementum; db, dentary bone; dw, dentine wall; es, empty tooth socket; mc, meckelian channel; pl, inferred location of periodontal ligament; tr, anchorage trabecula.
Fig. 7 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction
Fig. 7. Species discovery curves for several groups of fossil organisms show substantial differences in form. All discovery curves are shown as percentages, even though final totals, in 2003, are very different: trilobites (n = 4126), early tetrapods (n = 515), dinosaurs (n = 694), fossil birds (n = 221), and fossil mammals of North America (n = 3340). The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Data from these sources: trilobites (Tarver et al. 2007), dinosaurs (Benton 2008), fossil birds (Fountaine et al. 2008), fossil mammals (Alroy 2002).
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