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30 results for “Early land plants”
Figure 1 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 1. Map of Victoria, Australia, showing the fossil locations within the Melbourne Zone. Location 1. Yea, Ghin Ghin Road, Limestone Road (37° 12.38' S, 145° 25.39' E). Location 2. Matlock, Frenchmans Spur (37° 25.82' S, 146° 77.24' E.), the type location of Salopella australis and S. caespitosa (Tims and Chambers, 1984). Source: adapted from Moore et al. (1998: fig. 2).
Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a constriction just above dark sporogeneous region. All from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, erect parent axes parallel to each other, dichotomising into two elongate sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. Re-photographed here; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, fig. 4) and Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.9). Specimen NMV P50014. B, forked dichotomy terminated by sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. And to the right hand side of the forked axis is another long axis, which based on its orientation may also be part of the same plant. Constriction at arrow, lower arrow at dichotomy and double arrow at two aligned axes. Specimen NMV P33219. C, close-up of fructification in A, sporangia barely extend beyond the confines of their subtending axes, with slight constriction present above sporogeneous region (at arrow). Specimen NMV P50014. D, E, holotype, part and counterpart. On part, constriction at arrow in sporangium. On counterpart, both parent axes are parallel to each other (at dotted arrow). Re-photographed here, originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). Specimens NMV P50008.1 and NMV P50008.2, respectively. F, Gen. et sp. indet. – short daughter axes terminated in elongate sporangia. The cortex may be absent from subtending axes, with only the central line visible. The lack of cortex prevents assigning to S. australis as width of subtending axis to sporangial width is required. Originally photographed by Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.13). Specimen NMV P50010.2. G, S. australis, with two short daughter axes, with constriction at arrow of the sporangium, which is the same width as its subtending axis. Specimen NMV P202886.
Figure 6 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 6. Line-drawings of Victorian early land plants with longer than wider sporangia. A, Salopella australis from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P50014.B, Gen. et sp. indet. from Limestone Road, Yea. Originally placed in S. australis but branching architecture clearly differs. Specimen NMV P157323. C, Salopella laidae sp. nov. from Limestone Road, Yea. NMV P50011. D, Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P202987. E, Salopella caespitosa from Ghin Ghin Road, Yea. Specimen NMV P235941.
Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 from Devil's Elbow on Ghin Ghin Road, northwest of Yea. A, overview of whole specimen. NMV P235941.1. B, arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval presumed sporogenous body of sporangium four, and the subtending axis to sporangium four pinches slightly about 1 mm below the sporangium. Lower arrow at region where subtending axis is continuous with sporangial wall and upper arrow shows extent of sporangial body of sporangium three. Note, for both sporangia, the distal parts appear to be hidden in the matrix. NMV P235941.2. C, lower arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval sporogenous body, with upper arrow at distal extent of sporogenous body on sporangium two on the counterpart. Note, no longitudinally oblique striations are evident in upper half of sporangium but are evident on the part specimen. NMV P235941.2. D, sporangium two at arrow longitudinal oblique striations on the upper half of the sporangium. NMV P235941.1. E, close-up of parent axis with longitudinal striations. NMV P235941.1.
Figure 3 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 3. Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, B, part (NMV P202987.1) and counterpart (NMV P202987.2), respectively; numbering follows Tims and Chambers (1984, pl. 33, fig. 1). Counterpart images are reversed to be in the same orientation as the part specimen. A, on right-hand side of part specimen, double isotomous dichotomies lead to sporangia one–seven. Note, at the arrows, there is perpendicular branching that is suggestive of a rhizomatous system. C, sporangium 12; at the arrow there is another axis that is terminated in a sporangium that is partially visible. Specimen NMV P202987.1. D–F, Evidence of a slight constriction beneath sporangia at arrows. D, sporangia eight and nine (on the left). Widest part of each sporangium occurring approximately midway along their length. Note, rephotographed; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 34, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.1. E, sporangium 22 is c. 4.06 mm long and 1.4 mm wide. The axis decreases from 1.2 mm proximally to 0.5 mm just beneath the sporangium. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. F, sporangia four (right) and five, both sporangia are slightly wider in the lower quarter of each sporangia. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. G, sporangium 22, appears to be two immature sporangia juxtaposed. At arrow, the apex (rounded) of the smaller fusiform sporangium is apparent. Specimen NMV P202987.1. H, sporangium two, lower arrow at walls surrounding presumed oval sporogeneous area, which reaches approximately halfway the length of the sporangium to the upper arrow. Specimen NMV P202987.1. I, sporangium 13, arrows at walls surrounding sporangeneous area and upper arrow showing extent of oval sporogenous body. The walls does not recombine apically like in sporangium two, suggesting it may have been crushed, or hidden, beneath the matrix. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 33, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.2.
Figure 5 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 5. Salopella laidae sp. nov. (holotype) NMV P50011.1 and NMV P50011.2, part and counterpart, respectively, with counterpart reversed to be in the same orientation as part specimen. From location 4 (Brackley's cutting) on Limestone Road, Yea. A, double isotomous dichotomy visible, terminated with eight elongate sporangia, five visible. At lower arrow central line and at F, folding of tissue. On sporangium seven?sporogenous region highlighted. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers, 1984: pl. 32, fig. 3 and text-fig. 2C. B, arrow at daughter axis missing on part present.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2011 - 2012.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2011 - 2012". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/0efa800a-ee0f-48a7-881b-910b67f170c1">https://bionomia.net/dataset/0efa800a-ee0f-48a7-881b-910b67f170c1</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/0efa800a-ee0f-48a7-881b-910b67f170c1">https://gbif.org/dataset/0efa800a-ee0f-48a7-881b-910b67f170c1</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
The Prairie State: Using Ecological Niche Modeling to Predict Distributions of Early Land Plants
<p>This data includes raw data of over 12,000 occurrences were downloaded from the<strong> Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria (<a href="http://www.bryophyteportal.org/portal">www.bryophyteportal.org/portal</a>), </strong>that were listed to be in Illinois and included longitude and latitude data. This data set was screened and cleaned to investigate species distribution models as well as generate models of selected bryophytes investigating future changes in distribution across climate change scenarios.</p>
Data for: Early land plants: Plentiful but neglected resources for herbivores?
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 1 in Early Land Plants Today (ELPT): How many liverwort species are there?
FIGURE 1. Number of novel liverwort species, excluding new combinations, which have been described over the last 250 years, with an inset of the number described from 2001–2009.
FIGURE 3 in Early Land Plants Today (ELPT): How many liverwort species are there?
FIGURE 3. The relationship between synonymy rate and number of species. Synonymy rates for individual monographs from Table 4 are displayed as dots. The current best estimate for the number of liverwort species, 7,486, is indicated by the arrow. Upper and lower estimates (the 95% confidence interval) of 5,536 and 9,432, respectively are shown by dashed lines.
FIGURE 2 in Early Land Plants Today (ELPT): How many liverwort species are there?
FIGURE 2. The geographical distribution of the almost 670 new species that have been described from 1990 to 2009. Dot size represents the number of new species in each area (maximum 81 in New Zealand).
FIGURE 3 in A special issue of Phytotaxa dedicated to Bryophytes: The closest living relatives of early land plants
FIGURE 3. Sphagnum pulchrum (Lindberg 1880: 25) Warnstorf (1900: 42), Alaska (Photo: Blanka Shaw). Sphagnum comprises a speciose clade of mosses that dominates many wetland ecosystems, especially in the boreal zone of the Northern Hemisphere (Shaw et al. 2003). In particular, Sphagnum is an important and conspicuous component in peatlands, which perform a significant global function in regulating the Earth's atmospheric chemistry as well as providing valuable economic commodities (Rochefort 2000). Sphagnum holds an interesting position amongst mosses, with Cox et al. (2004) indicating that Sphagnum and Takakia form a clade sister to all remaining mosses.
FIGURE 2 in A special issue of Phytotaxa dedicated to Bryophytes: The closest living relatives of early land plants
FIGURE 2. Leiosporoceros dussii (Stephani 1893: 142) Hässel (1986: 255), Panama (Photo: Juan Carlos Villarreal). Leiosporoceros is monotypic genus sister to all other hornworts. In the past decade the number of wellrecognized hornwort genera has increased from 6 to 14. Phaeomegaceros is one of the newly-erected genera and as the name implies, this genus has features that are diagnostic of Megaceros (no pyrenoid and single antheridia per cavity) and others shared with Phaeoceros (especially the presence of stomata). Despite the delineation of new genera, hornworts have low species numbers and, alarmingly, this distinct and small group has not been monographed worldwide. Because current phylogenies place them as sister to tracheophytes, hornworts are a critical group for understanding the evolution of plant form (Villarreal et al. 2010). Hornworts have a unique combination of morphological and developmental traits that have long fascinated scientists. Most hornworts have an algal-like chloroplast and exhibit a carbon concentration mechanism not seen in other land plants (e.g., Hanson et al. 2002, Meyer et al. 2008). Interestingly, a cyanobacterial association is ubiquitous in hornwort gametophytes.
FIGURE. 1 in Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 70. Nomenclatural notes in hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)
FIGURE. 1. Spores of Anthoceros cristatus. (A) Spores from holotype Stephani herb. no. 24501 (G-00045042) and Aspiromitus dismieri (B). Scale bar is 10 μm. Spores from holotype, Rotereau s.n, Stephanie herb. no.00045054
FIGURE 1 in Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 37. Towards a stable, informative classification of the Lepidoziaceae (Marchantiophyta)
FIGURE 1. Summary of phylogenetic relationships in the Lepidoziaceae. Only those groups strongly supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses are shown (Cooper et al. 2011, 2012) and all other relationships are collapsed to polytomies. Taxa that have not yet been included in a molecular phylogenetic study are indicated by dotted lines. Only Mastigopelma can be inserted in the phylogeny with any confidence. Thick grey bars indicate those groups whose representatives in the molecular phylogeny did not form supported monophyletic groups. Boxes are drawn around groups recognised in the interim classification. The uncertain status of Arachniopsis is indicated by placing it in parentheses alongside Telaranea. Telaranea and Arachniopsis have been considered synonyms, with Telaranea the conserved name (Engel & Smith Merrill 2002), but the types have not been included in phylogenetic analyses and it is unclear whether one or more genera will be necessary to accommodate the species here retained in Telaranea.
FIGURE 1 in Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 40. Notes on Cephaloziellaceae (Marchantiophyta)
FIGURE 1. Label and annotations of the type specimen of Cephaloziella granatensis in G. This specimen was used by Douin describing his Cephalozia evansioides. Published with permission from G.
FIGURE 1 in Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 46. Transfer of Vitalianthus urubuensis (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae) to Cheilolejeunea
FIGURE 1. Cheilolejeunea urubuensis (Zartman & I.L.Ackerman) R.L.Zhu & Y.M.Wei. A. Portion of plant with perianth. B. Portion of plant, showing underleaves. C. Portion of plant, ventral view. D. Leaf, ventral view. E, F. Leaf lobule, showing a hyaline papilla (arrow). A from Laura V. Campos 713 (HSNU); B, F from Laura V. Campos 712 (HSNU); C-E from C.E. Zartman 2626 (isotype, DUKE).
FIGURE 1. Lejeunea deplanata Nees var. deplanata. A in Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 57. Cheilolejeunea boliviensis and Cheilolejeunea savesiana, two new synonyms in Lejeunea (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae)
FIGURE 1. Lejeunea deplanata Nees var. deplanata. A. Portion of plant with gynoecia, ventral view. B. Gynoecium, ventral view. C. Leaf, ventral view. D. Leaf lobule. E. Underleaf. F. Apical marginal cells of leaf lobe. G. Median cells of leaf lobe. H. Basal cells of leaf lobe. All from Herzog 3804 (isotype, JE).
Data from: Conflicting phylogenies for early land plants are caused by composition biases among synonymous substitutions
Plants are the primary producers of the terrestrial ecosystems that dominate much of the natural environment. Occurring approximately 480 MYA (Sanderson 2003; Kenrick et. al. 2012), the evolutionary transition of plants from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment was accompanied by several major developmental innovations. The freshwater charophyte ancestors of land plants have a haplobiontic life cycle with a single haploid multicellular stage, whereas land plants, which include the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) and tracheophytes (also called vascular plants, namely, lycopods, ferns, and seed plants), exhibit a marked alternation of generations with a diplobiontic life-cycle with both haploid and diploid multicellular stages and where the embryo remains attached to, and is nourished by, the gametophyte (Haig 2008). The interjection of a multicellular diploid phase into the land plant life cycle was an important adaptation that enabled long-distance dispersal via mitotic spores where water-borne male gametes have restricted motility in dry terrestrial environments. Despite the similarity among land-plant life-cycles, they differ in one significant aspect: in the three bryophyte groups, the haploid gametophytic stage is the dominant vegetative stage, whereas in vascular plants the diploid sporophyte dominates. A common assumption, and one implied by the tradition of referring to bryophytes as "lower plants" - in contrast to the "higher plants", the tracheophytes - is that the bryophytes and their life-cycle are primitive (Kato and Akiyama 2005). However, without a strong phylogenetic hypothesis of land-plant relationships, it is not clear which (if either) of the gametophyte or sporophyte was the dominant ancestral vegetative state present in the earliest land plants (Renzaglia et al. 2007; Qiu et al. 2012). Early land plants have a relatively poor fossil record with few intermediate forms (Kenrick and Crane 1997; Wellman et al. 2003; Clarke et al. 2011), so most of the evidence for early land plant evolution has been based upon the patterns of morphological change that are implied by phylogenetic trees of relationships among extant land plant and algal groups. In this context, several recent studies based on large molecular data sets have converged upon a phylogenetic solution to land plant origins wherein tracheophytes are derived from bryophyte ancestors (Karol et al. 2001; Qiu et al. 2006; Gao et al. 2010; Karol et al. 2010; Chang and Graham 2011). In this hypothesis, the three bryophyte groups, namely liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, diverged sequentially and form a paraphyletic group with the hornworts sister to the tracheophytes. This phylogeny supports an intuitively elegant evolutionary trajectory whereby plants increased in morphological complexity from single-celled algae to seed plants via bryophyte intermediates (Karol et al. 2001; McCourt et al. 2004). Specifically, it implies that the gametophyte-dominant bryophyte life-cycle was ancestral among land plants and that the complex modular growth form of the vascular plant sporophyte evolved from the simplistic bryophyte sporophyte that consists only of a single growth module (Kato and Akiyama 2005; Barthélémy and Caraglio 2007).
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