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196 results for “Echinoderms”
Echinoderms_Invertebrates_Interactions
<p>Data set with historical reports about parasitic and commensal invertebrates of echinoderms from American Tropical And Subtropical Atlantic. Data extracted to index papers and historical reports.</p>
Echinoderms from the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean at the "Colección Regional de Equinodermos de la Península de Yucatán" at UMDI-Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, México
<p>The dataset contains information about the “Colección Regional de Equinodermos de la Península de Yucatán” (federal register COREPY-DGVS-CC-307-18) at the Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Faculty of Science, UNAM. This dataset represents only specimens of Echinoderms identified to genus and species (1470 specimens) from 24 localities of the coast and coral reefs at the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean for a period of time from 2008 to 2020. The dataset contains information of specimens belonging to 37 families of the five Classes of echinoderms (Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Echinoidea). The specimens at the collection have been either identified or validated by professional echinoderms taxonomists, providing a significant level of trust in the data. The taxonomists that participated in this process appear in the list of authors. </p> <p>Acknowledgement</p> <p>This project was support by a post-doctoral fellowship by Programa de Becas Posdoctorales, UNAM 2019 (POSDOC), in charge by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGPA).</p>
Data from: Arm waving in stylophoran echinoderms: three-dimensional mobility analysis illuminates cornute locomotion
<p>The locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates are typically interpreted on the basis of morphological descriptions. However, it has been shown that homologous structures with disparate morphologies in extant invertebrates do not necessarily correlate with differences in their locomotory capability. Here, we present a new methodology for analysing locomotion in fossil invertebrates with a rigid skeleton through an investigation of a cornute stylophoran, an extinct fossil echinoderm with enigmatic morphology that has made its mode of locomotion difficult to reconstruct. We determined the range of motion of a stylophoran arm based on digitized three-dimensional morphology of an early Ordovician form, <i>Phyllocystis crassimarginata</i>. Our analysis showed that efficient arm-forward epifaunal locomotion based on dorsoventral movements, as previously hypothesized for cornute stylophorans, was not possible for this taxon; locomotion driven primarily by lateral movement of the proximal aulacophore was more likely. 3D digital modelling provides an objective and rigorous methodology for illuminating the movement capabilities and locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates.</p>
Fig. 2 in Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain
Fig. 2. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis globulus (Dehm, 1934) from the the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. A. Holotype (SMF-HS 432), almost complete specimen showing the theca and posterior appendage. Note anus in on right side. B. SMF-HS 969, slab containing three individuals. Note that individual 1 has the anus on "left" position. Repository number assigned to a replica of the newly prepared slab. Photographs courtesy of Ulrich Jansen.
Fig. 4 in Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain
Fig. 4. Camera lucida drawings of solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis ariasi sp. nov. from the Llagarinos Formation, Ludlow, Silurian, northern Central Iberian Zone, Spain; with interpretation of main anatomical parts.
Fig. 3 in Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain
Fig. 3. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis ariasi sp. nov. from the Llagarinos Formation, Ludlow, Silurian, northern Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. MGM-208S. A1, complete specimen in dorsal aspect preserving proxistele and feeding appendage above the body. A2, counterpart of same specimen. A3, detail of feeding appendage consisting on biserial floor plates and cover plates. Gonopore on single plate, and a possible hydropore close to the feeding appendage attachment. A4, detail of the periproct on right position. Note that the periproct is visible from the inside and was located on dorsal right part of the theca. A5, detail of the appendage preserving the complete proxistele and proximal dististele. Photographs are from latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimated.
Scan files, 3D reconstructions, data spreadsheet and supplementary files for Heterochrony and parallel evolution of echinoderm, hemichordate and cephalochordate internal bars
<p><span>Deuterostomes comprise three phyla with radically different body plans. Phylogenetic bracketing of the living deuterostome clades suggests the latest common ancestor of echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates was a bilaterally symmetrical worm with pharyngeal openings, with these characters lost in echinoderms. Early fossil echinoderms with pharyngeal openings have been described, but their interpretation is highly controversial. Here, we critically evaluate the evidence for pharyngeal structures (gill bars) in the extinct stylophoran echinoderms <em>Lagynocystis pyramidalis</em> and <em>Jaekelocarpus oklahomensis</em> using virtual models based on high-resolution X-ray tomography scans of three-dimensionally preserved fossil specimens. Multivariate analyses of the size, spacing and arrangement of the internal bars in these fossils indicate they are substantially more similar to gill bars in modern enteropneust hemichordates and cephalochordates than to other internal bar-like structures in fossil blastozoan echinoderms. The close similarity between the internal bars of the stylophorans <em>L. pyramidalis</em> and <em>J. oklahomensis</em> and the gill bars of extant chordates and hemichordates is strong evidence for their homology. Differences between these internal bars and bar-like elements of the respiratory systems in blastozoans suggest these structures might have arisen through parallel evolution across deuterostomes, perhaps underpinned by a common developmental genetic mechanism.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Echinoderm model systems, homology, and phylogenetic inference: comment and reply to Paul (2021)
Fig. 1. Tree comparison between two phylogenetic inference methods with bootstrap support at the nodes. A. Phylogenetic hypothesis from Paul (2021) inferred via maximum parsimony. B. Phylogenetic hypothesis inferred via maximum likelihood.
Fig. 24 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 24. Oral surface of the coronate Stephanocrinus angulatus Conrad, 1842, early Silurian (Wenlock), New York, USA, showing similarity to blastoid oral surface. Five erect ambulacra (A–E) arise from the trunk mounting plates, which are homologues of the lancets of blastoids. Food grooves are covered by paired ambulacral cover plates (cp). The mouth frame is composed of five homologues of blastoid deltoids and dichoporite lateral plates (L1–L5), and covered by primary oral cover plates (1–5). G, gonopore; PD, posterior deltoid. For plate homologies see Table 2. Redrawn and relabelled from Brett et al. 1983: 638, fig. 4A.
Fig. 21 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 21. Oral area of the hemicosmitoid Hemicosmites pyriformis Buch, 1846, Middle Ordovician, Russia. Three ambulacra, interpreted as A, shared BC, and shared DE, converge on the mouth (M) and are surrounded by a circlet of nine radial plates (R1–R9) outside which is another circlet of nine lateral plates (L1–L9). Three wedge plates occur immediately clockwise of radial plates R3, R6, and R9. The hydropore (not shown) occurs in the adoral part of radial 9. In life, biserial cover plates would have roofed over the food grooves. Redrawn and relabelled from Bockelie 1979: 375, fig. 8b.
Fig. 18 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 18. Ambulacra and brachioles in the callocystitid Pseudocrinites pyriformis Paul, 1967a, Ludlow (Silurian), England, UK. The mouth and food grooves are hidden by cover plates (shaded). Both ambulacra start with two brachiole facets on the left. These are interpreted as BC1 and C1 in the C ambulacrum and DE1 and E1 in the E ambulacrum (left). F, facet; H, hydropore; M, mouth. Redrawn from Paul 1967a: 329, fig. 21.
Fig. 17 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 17. Oral and ambulacral plating of the callocystitid Lipsanocystis traversensis Ehlers and Leighley, 1922 (UMMP 33311), Middle Devonian, Michigan, USA, illustrating the alternative "B–E the same" pattern of primary brachioles in which all four ambulacra have the first brachiole facet to the left. A1, oral view of showing the four ambulacra and double hydropore; A2, the same with interpretation of oral plates superimposed; A3, interpretation of oral and ambulacral plating. Ambulacrum A stopped developing after the first plate formed. In ambulacra B–E the first brachiole is to the left and the second to the right. B–E, ambulacra; A1a–E1a, first plates in corresponding ambulacra; b second plates in ambulacra B–E; G, gonopore; H, hydropore; M, mouth; P, periproct; 6, 7, orals 6 and 7 under the conventional interpretation. Dashed line outlines of ambulacra and brachiole facets. Only the first two ambulacral plates are shaded.
Fig. 16 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 16. Ontogenetic development of ambulacra in the callocystitid Lepadocystis moorei (Meek, 1871), Late Ordovician, Ohio, USA, showing addition of oral and ambulacral plates and development of the "BD different" pattern of primary brachioles. A. Triradiate stage with the first pair of ambulacral plates (A1a, A1b, and so on) interpreted as A, shared BC and shared DE. Arrows indicate the positions where the radial water vessels of the shared ambulacra branch to produce a pentaradiate rhombiferan, assuming subterminal branching. B. Pentaradiate stage with a single brachiole per ambulacrum. The two new brachioles are interpreted as the first brachioles in separate ambulacra C and E. Arrows indicate positions where the radial water vessels of all five ambulacra branch to produce second brachioles. C. Pentaradiate stage with two brachioles per ambulacrum. The second brachioles in the shared ambulacra are interpreted as B1 and D1. Note that the subterminal branching has produced the "BD different" pattern of primary brachioles in which the first two brachioles in ambulacra B and D branch to the left as viewed in the growth direction, whereas in ambulacra A, C and E only the first brachiole is on the left. In addition, the second brachioles exhibit a pattern which is A right, B left, C right, D left, and E right, which equals Lovén's Law as restated by Paul and Hotchkiss (2020). M, mouth; O6 and O7, orals 6 and 7 in the conventional interpretation of the oral circlet. Solid lines, plate sutures; dashed lines, outline of ambulacra and brachiole facets. Redrawn from Paul and Hotchkiss 2020: 1096, fig. 8.
Fig. 20 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 20. Oral plating of two blastozoans showing similarities in arrangement of facet-bearing plates. A. Rhombifera bohemica Barrande, 1867, Late Ordovician, Czech Republic. B. Lysocystites sculptus Miller, 1889, early Silurian, Indiana, USA. In both the mouth (M) is encircled by only five plates (O1–O5 in A), which alternate with five radial plates (R1–R5) that bear ambulacral facets (F) and are connected to the mouth by short food grooves. In Lysocystites (B) the facet-bearing plates are the homologues of eublastoid lancet plates. A–E, ambulacra A–E; An, anus; d, additional anal deltoids; L1–L5, lateral plates. For plate homologies see Table 2. A after Kesling 1962: 283, fig. 2; B after Sprinkle 1973: 141, fig. 35.
Fig. 15 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 15. Brachiole and main ambulacral plating in hemicosmitoid Caryocrinites ornatus Say, 1825, Wenlock (Silurian), New York, USA. The ambulacra are erect. Each brachiole arises from a pair of main ambulacral plates, the adoral of which are shaded. The aboral plates are more than twice as wide. The first brachiolar plate (1a) is adoral to the second (2) and supports the idea that main ambulacral plates are first brachiolar plates modified to form the ambulacral axis. Redrawn from Sprinkle 1975: 1067, fig. 2.
Fig. 23 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 23. Oral surface of the blastoid Codaster acutus McCoy, 1849, early Carboniferous, England, UK, showing interpretation of oral plating. Five ambulacra (A–E) are recumbent on the lancet plates (La) with the floor plates omitted for clarity. Five deltoid plates (d) form the mouth (M) frame and share the adoral parts of the hydrospire slits (H), the aboral parts of which are in the radial plates (R). An, anus. For plate homologies see Table 2.
Fig. 13 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 13. Thecal plates of the Silurian blastozoan Lysocystites sculptus Miller, 1889, Indiana, USA, showing homologies with blastoids, coronates, and glyptocystitoids. A–E, Carpenter's (1884, 1891) ambulacra. Unknown erect ambulacra arose from facets (F) on ambulacral plates (RR), homologues of blastoid lancet plates and the radial plates of Rhombifera Barrande, 1867 (Fig. 19A3). The mouth frame is composed of five deltoids (LL, homologues of the lateral plates of Rhombifera). The periproct (P) lies in the CD interambulacrum above additional deltoid plates (white) and shares the gonopore (G). The main body of the cup is formed of five infralateral plates (ILL, homologues of blastoid radials) and three basal plates (BB). Compare with the oral view, Fig. 20B. For plate homologies see Table 2. Redrawn from Sprinkle 1973:140, fig. 34.
Fig. 11 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 11. Thecal plates of blastoids. A–E, Carpenter's (1884, 1891) ambulacra; BB, basals; DD deltoids; La, lancets; P, periproct; RR, radials; white plate below periproct in CD interambulacrum is one of the extra deltoids. Dashed lines are radial sinuses for ambulacra. For plate homologies see Table 2.
Fig. 12 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 12. Thecal plates of coronates showing homologies with blastoid plates. A–E, Carpenter's (1884, 1891) ambulacra; BB, basal plates; DD, deltoid plates; P, periproct; RR, radial plates; TMP, "trunk mounting plates", which bear facets for erect ambulacra and are homologues of blastoid lancet plates and glyptocystitoid radial plates. White plate above the periproct is the extra deltoid plate and small black oval above that is the gonopore. For plate homologies see Table 2.
Fig. 22 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 22. Oral area of the hemicosmitoid Thomacystis tuberculata Paul, 1969, Late Ordovician, Wales, UK. Ambulacra are interpreted as B, C, D, and E and neither ambulacrum A nor plate O3, the oral associated with ambulacrum A, is developed. Facets (F) are shared by ambulacral plates the homologies of which are uncertain, and lateral plates (L1–L9). Primary ambulacral plates (O1, O2, O4, O5). Plate L4 of hemicosmitids is missing in Thomacystis and caryocrinitids (Paul 1984: 144, fig. 87). An, anus; G, gonopore; M, mouth; N, pore for presumed nerves. Redrawn and relabelled from Paul 1969: 193, fig. 2.
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