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Figure 3 in Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth

Figure 3. The relative richness of terrestrial mammal species by ecoregion is depicted. Warmer colors denote ecoregions containing richer assemblages.

Figure 2 in Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth

Figure 2. The map of terrestrial ecoregions of the world recognizes 867 distinct units, roughly a fourfold increase in biogeographic discrimination over that of the 193 units of Udvardy (1975). Maps of freshwater and marine ecoregions are similarly needed for conservation planning.

Figure 1. The ecoregions are categorized within 14 in Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth

Figure 1. The ecoregions are categorized within 14 biomes and eight biogeographic realms to facilitate representation analyses.

Figure 4 in Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth

Figure 4. The level of species endemism for terrestrial mammals shows different patterns than that of richness. Warmer colors denote ecoregions containing more endemic species.

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Ecoregion and community structure influences on the foliar elemental niche of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall)

Context: Changes in foliar elemental niche properties, defined by axes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations, reflect how species allocate resources under different environmental conditions. For instance, elemental niches may differ in response to large-scale latitudinal temperature and precipitation regimes that occur between ecoregions and small-scale differences in nutrient dynamics based on species co-occurrences at a community level. Methods: at a species level, we compared foliar elemental niche hypervolumes for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) between a northern and southern ecoregion. At a community level, we grouped our focal species using plot data into conspecific (i.e., only one focal species is present) and heterospecific groups (i.e., both focal species are present) and compared their foliar elemental concentrations under these community conditions across, within, and between these ecoregions. Between ecoregions at the species and community level, we expected niche hypervolumes to be different and driven by regional biophysical effects on foliar N and P concentrations. At the community level, we expected niche hypervolume displacement and expansion patterns for fir and birch, respectively – patterns that reflect their resource strategy. Results: at the species level, foliar elemental niche hypervolumes between ecoregions differed significantly for fir (F = 14.591, p-value = 0.001) and birch (F = 75.998, p-value = 0.001) with higher foliar N and P in the northern ecoregion. At the community level, across ecoregions, the foliar elemental niche hypervolume of birch differed significantly between heterospecific and conspecific groups (F = 4.075, p-value = 0.021) but not for fir. However, both species displayed niche expansion patterns, indicated by niche hypervolume increases of 35.49% for fir and 68.92% for birch. Within the northern ecoregion, heterospecific conditions elicited niche expansion responses, indicated by niche hypervolume increases for fir of 29.04% and birch of 66.48%. In the southern ecoregion we observed a contraction response for birch (niche hypervolume decreased by 3.66%), and no changes for fir niche hypervolume. Conspecific niche hypervolume comparisons between ecoregions yielded significant differences for fir and birch (F = 7.581, p-value = 0.005 and F = 8.038, p-value = 0.001) as did heterospecific comparisons (F = 6.943, p-value = 0.004, and F = 68.702, p-value = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: our results suggest species may exhibit biogeographical specific elemental niches – driven by biophysical differences such as those used to describe ecoregion characteristics. We also demonstrate how a species resource strategy may inform niche shift patterns in response to different community settings. Our study highlights how biogeographical differences may influence foliar elemental traits and how this may link to concepts of ecosystem and landscape functionality.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2015View details →

Fig. 2. Area diagram depicting relationships among the 24 in Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships

Fig. 2. Area diagram depicting relationships among the 24 coastal drainages analyzed, obtained by parsimony analysis of endemicity based on freshwater fishes. The topology represents the strict consensus of five equally parsimonious trees obtained through a heuristic search (length= 71 steps, CI = 0.521, RI = 0.709).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships

Fig. 1. Map showing the Northeastern Mata Atlântica ecoregion, the rivers included in the PAE, and the groups recovered from the analysis. Adjacent freshwater ecoregions are: (327) São Francisco, (329) Paraíba do Sul, and (344) Upper Paraná.

Fig. 4 in Molecular identification and characterization of partial COX1 gene from caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas

Fig. 4. Molecular Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Likelihood method. The evolutionary history was inferred using the ML method based on the General Time Reversible model. The phylogenetic tree illustrates COX1 gene sequences of nematodes related to A. pennula. Bootstrap values above 50 are shown in the tree. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions-per-site. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7.

Fig. 1. A in Molecular identification and characterization of partial COX1 gene from caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas

Fig. 1. A. Caecum of the wild quail B. Morphology of male and female caecal worm. All the parts of male and female caecal worm Aulonocephalus pennula are marked in Fig. 1B.

Fig. 3 in Molecular identification and characterization of partial COX1 gene from caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas

Fig. 3. Pairwise alignment of the sequences of A. pennula and H. gallinarum. Sequence variations between A. pennula and H. gallinarum are highlighted in red. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. A in Molecular identification and characterization of partial COX1 gene from caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas

Fig. 2. A. PCR amplification of COX1 gene using nematode primers. Lane M: 100 bp DNA ladder (Fermentas); lane 1‾4 COX1 gene amplicon (750 bp). B. PCR amplification of partial COX1 gene using gene specific primers. Lane M: 100 bp DNA Marker (Fermentas); lane 1‾4 partial COX1 amplified products (405bp).