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Figure 5 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 5. Global phylogenetic trees of killer whales based on (a) haplotypes from 452 mitogenomes and (b) 49 nuclear genome sequences. Reprinted with permission from Morin et al. [15] (figure 2; by permission from John Wiley & Sons, licence 5458310335802) and [9] (electronic supplementary material, figure S3b, by permission from Andrew D. Foote). Black branches in (a) lead to haplotypes that are from animals that have not been identified to ecotype (see electronic supplementary material, table S1 from [15]).

Figure 3 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 3. PCA plot of first two principal components based on (a) 88 SNPs: offshore (n = 3), resident (n = 11), Bigg's (n = 30) from data in Morin et al. [15]; (b) 26 microsatellites: offshore (n = 5), resident (n = 250), Bigg's (n = 116) (samples genotyped at ≥20 loci) [56]; unpublished); (c) 3678 RADseq SNPs: offshore (n = 7), resident (n = 52) and Bigg's (n = 37) populations [57,62]; (d) 1 00 000 (subset from 6 371 282) SNPs from 147 high-coverage genomes of offshore (n = 7), Bigg's (n = 14) and resident (n = 126) samples from multiple geographically and behaviourally defined subpopulations (Alaska, northern and southern resident populations) (based on subset of SNP genotype data from [113]. See Supplementary Materials for methods and data set information.

Figure 7 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 7. Photographs of neotype skulls for (a) Orcinus rectipinnus (USNM 594671) and (b) Orcinus ater (USNM 594672).

Figure 1 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 1. Expected range maps for (a) resident and (b) Bigg's killer whales, including locations of samples used for mitogenome analysis (figure 5a, resident n = 106, Bigg's n = 93) [15]. Distribution ranges have been inferred based on published identifications of individuals that are identified by ecotype [48–53]. Sample distributions cover the known ranges of both ecotypes, with the exception of residents of Oregon and northern California, and both ecotypes off northern Japan (Hokkaido) in the western Pacific [48,54]. Sample maps for microsatellite data are in electronic supplementary material, figure S2.

Figure 8 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 8. Vertical images of (a) an adult male Bigg's killer whale (BKW) from the West Coast Transient population of Bigg's killer whales and (b) an adult male resident killer whale (RKW) from the sympatric Southern Resident population of resident killer whales. Images are scaled to the estimated asymptotic lengths of 7.3 m [20] and 6.9 m [145], respectively. Vertical images were collected using an octocopter drone using methods described by Durban et al. [146], provided by John Durban and Holly Fearnbach.

Figure 6 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 6. Illustrations of (a) O. ater and (b) O. rectipinnus from Scammon [138,140]. These illustrations were likely made by Scammon, or made under his guidance from his field notes and sketches. Whether they represent renderings of specific specimens, or composite sketches, is unknown.

Figure 2. Canonical variate 1 and 2 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 2. Canonical variate 1 and 2 plots for cranial shape features that distinguish among ecotypes for (a) skull morphology (resident (n = 17), Bigg's (n = 13) and offshore (n = 6)) and (b) dentary bone morphology (resident (n = 21), Bigg's (n = 12) and offshore (n = 8) specimens) (reprinted from [103]).

Figure 4. Structure assignment probability plots for K in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status

Figure 4. Structure assignment probability plots for K = 3 groups from (a) 26 microsatellites: offshore (n = 5), resident (n = 250), Bigg's (n = 116) samples genotyped at ≥ 20 loci) (56; unpublished); (b) 3340 RADseq SNPs (polymorphic in sample set): offshore (n = 7), resident (n = 52) and Bigg's (n = 37) populations [57,62]. Vertical bars represent the individual assignment probability for each group inferred by Structure (groups identified by shading), with samples sorted by a priori ecotype assignment. See electronic supplementary material for methods and data set information.

FIG. 16 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 16. Tonicia chilensis, southern ecotype, Chile, Magellan Strait, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. B. Dorsal bristles and spicules in girdle not treated with KOH. C. Dorsal spicules in girdle treated with KOH. D. Radula. РИС. 16. Tonicia chilensis, южный Экотип, Чили, пролив Магеллана, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, собрал. B. Sirenko. A. Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы. B. Дорсальные Щетинки и спикулы на перинотуме не обработанном KOH. C. Дорсальные спикулы на перинотуме обработанном KOH. D. Радула.

FIG. 13 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 13. Tonicia chilensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Calfuco, intertidal, BL 20.6 mm, 16.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve VII, jugal area. B, D. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. C. Valve VII, pleural area. РИС. 13. Tonicia chilensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Калфуко, литораль BL 20,6 мм, 16.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Щиток VII, югальное поле. B, D.Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы. C. Щиток VII, плевральное поле.

FIG. 10 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 10. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Las Cruces, intertidal, BL 16.9 mm, 18.11.2008, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Central and first lateral teeth of radula. B. Head of major lateral tooth of radula. РИС. 10. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Лас Крусес, литораль BL 16,9 мм, 18.11.2008, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Центральные и первые латеральные Зубы радулы. B. Наконечник крючковой пластинки радулы.

FIG. 9 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 9. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Las Cruces, intertidal, BL 16.9 mm, 18.11.2008, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve VI, pleural area. B, C. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. D. Radula. РИС. 9. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Лас Крусес, литораль, BL 16,9 мм, 18.11.2008, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Щиток VI, плевральное поле. B, C. Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы. D. Радула.

FIG. 7 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 7. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, La Mission, intertidal, BL 17.5 mm, 30.12.2004, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Radula. B. Central and first lateral teeth of radula. РИС. 7. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Ла Мисьон, литораль, BL 17,5 мм, 30.12.2004, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Радула. B. Центральные и первые латеральные Зубы радулы.

FIG. 11 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 11. Photos of live specimens of Tonicia chilensis. A. Northern ecotype, Ventanas (~33°S). B. Northern ecotype, Los Vilos (~32°S). C. Southern ecotype, Huinay (~41°S). D. Southern ecotype Valdivia (~39°S). РИС. 11. Фотографии живых ЭкЗемплЯров Tonicia chilensis. A. Северный Экотип, Вентанас (~33°S); B. Северный Экотип, Лос Вилос (~36°S); C. Южный Экотип, Уйнай (~41°S); D. Южный Экотип, ВальдивиЯ (~39°S).

FIG. 6 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 6. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, La Mission, intertidal, BL 17.5 mm, 30.12.2004, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve VI, pleural area. B, C. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. D. Radula. РИС. 6. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Ла Мисьон, литораль, BL 17,5 мм, 30.12.2004, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Щиток VI, плевральное поле. B, C. Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы. D. Радула.

FIG. 5 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 5. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, La Mission, intertidal, BL 17.5 mm, 30.12.2004, leg B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve VI, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VI, jugal area. E. Valve VI, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 5. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Ла Мисьон, литораль, BL 17,5 мм, 30.12.2004, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток VI, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VI,.югальное поле. E. Щиток VI, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.

FIG 18 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG 18. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Tonicia species and ecotypes (north and south) from the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Node values represent bootstrap support. РИС. 18. Филограмма максимального правдоподобиЯ видов и Экотипов Tonicia (север и юг) иЗ юго-восточной части Тихого океана. ЗначениЯ уЗлов представлЯют поддержку начальной ЗагруЗки.

FIG. 4 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 4. Tonicia calbucensis, southern ecotype, South Chile, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 m, BL 20.5 mm, 04.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Radula. B. Central and first lateral teeth of radula. РИС. 4. Tonicia calbucensis, южный Экотип, южное Чили, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 м, BL 20,5 мм, 04.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Радула. B. Центральные, первые латеральные Зубы радулы.

FIG. 12 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific

FIG. 12. Tonicia chilensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Calfuco, intertidal, BL 20.6 mm, 16.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve V, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VII, dorsal view. E. Valve V, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 12. Tonicia chilensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Калфуко, литораль BL 20,6 мм, 16.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток V, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VII, вид сверху. E. Щиток V, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.