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28 results for “Egg shells”
Increased egg shell temperature during incubation leads to changes in transcriptional and epigenetic profiles in chicken lungs
<p>These RDS files contain <strong>DESeqDataSet </strong>objects subsets per broiler age and treatment. These objects are the result of DESeq2::DESeq( … ,betaPrior=FALSE).The .txt-objects contain the normalized sequencing counts per broiler age and treatment group. These objects are the result of DESeq2::counts( … , normalized=TRUE). Data was generated using STAR v2.7.10a and DESeq2 v1.36. Metadata is included as Excel file.</p> <p>Sequencing data is deposited at NCBI-SRA under BioProject: PRJNA949139. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Study abstract</strong></p> <p>D. Schokker, J. de Vos, P.B. Stege, O. Madsen, H.J. Wijnen, S.K. Kar, and J.M.J. Rebel</p> <p>Health and resilience against respiratory diseases are important features for broiler chicken. In this study, epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in the lungs of broiler chickens of different ages during rearing that were either exposed to elevated egg shell temperature (HIGH) of 38.9°C during mid-incubation or normal egg shell temperature (control; CON). The objective was to better understand how environmental challenges, such as heat stress during egg incubation, affect the development of the immune system and health of broiler chicken at later age. To this end we generated both epigenetic and transcriptomic data of lung tissue of elevated HIGH and CON chicken, furthermore these chicken were challenged by introducing either an infectious E. coli or an IBV vaccination to monitor the respiratory response. Thousands of differential methylated sites were observed at days 15 and 33, when comparing HIGH vs. CON. Pathway enrichment analysis of HIGH vs. CON showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in cilium, cytoskeleton, and immune processes. These findings provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms of early life conditions, like elevated EST, and their potential role in health of broilers.</p>
Data from: The hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects: an association of neonates, egg shells and egg bursters in Lebanese amber
Hatching is a pivotal moment in the life of most animals. Diverse chemical, behavioural and mechanical methods have evolved in metazoans to break the egg membranes. Among them, many arthropod and vertebrate embryos hatch using ephemeral, frequently convergent structures known as egg bursters. However, the evolutionary processes by which hatching mechanisms and related embryonic structures became established in deep time are poorly understood due to a nearly complete absence from the fossil record. Herein we describe an exceptional c. 130‐million‐year‐old association in Lebanese amber composed of multiple neonate green lacewing larvae, Tragichrysa ovoruptora gen. et sp. nov. (Neuroptera, Chrysopoidea), and conspecific egg remains. Egg bursters with a serrated blade bearing a short process are attached to three longitudinally split egg shells. Embryos of extant green lacewing relatives (Chrysopidae) utilize this egg burster morphotype to open a vertical slit on the egg, after which the burster is moulted and left joined to the empty egg shell. Additionally, the new larval species has extremely elongate dorsal tubercles, an adaptation to carry exogenous debris for protection and camouflage also known from other Cretaceous chrysopoids but absent in modern relatives. The present discovery demonstrates that the hatching mechanism of modern green lacewings was established in the chrysopoid lineage by the Early Cretaceous and proves through direct fossil evidence how some morphological traits related to hatching and linked behaviours, at least in insect embryos, have been subject to a high degree of evolutionary conservatism.
Data from: Optimising the hatching success of artificially incubated eggs for use in a conservation program for the western saw-shelled turtle (Myuchelys bellii)
<p>Artificial incubation of eggs and the release of hatchlings into the wild is a common conservation intervention designed to augment threatened turtle populations. We investigate a range of incubation temperatures to establish an optimal temperature for maximum hatching success of western saw-shelled turtle (<em>Myuchelys</em> <em>bellii</em>) eggs. We report on the influence of incubation temperature on incubation duration and hatching success and describe two experimental incubation methods which, for the same incubation temperature, resulted in 77% and 97% hatching success, respectively. Eggs were incubated at constant temperatures (27°C, 28°C and 29°C) to determine the influence of temperature on incubation period, hatchling morphology and external residual yolk. Incubation duration was negatively correlated with incubation temperature. We report on the morphology of eggs and hatchlings and show that their dimensions are positively correlated with maternal adult size and mass. A constant incubation temperature of 27°C produced the highest hatching success and smallest external residual yolk on hatching and is therefore recommended for incubation of eggs for population reinforcement programs. Our study is the first to optimise artificial incubation procedures for <em>M</em>. <em>bellii</em> and will be a valuable resource for <em>M</em>. <em>bellii</em> and other threatened freshwater turtle conservation initiatives.</p>
Data from: Optimising the hatching success of artificially incubated eggs for use in a conservation program for the western saw-shelled turtle (Myuchelys bellii)
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Data from: The hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects: an association of neonates, egg shells and egg bursters in Lebanese amber
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Data from: The chemical basis of a signal of individual identity: Shell pigment concentrations track the unique appearance of Common Murre eggs
In group-living species with parental care, the accurate recognition of one's own young is critical to fitness. Because discriminating offspring within a large colonial group may be challenging, progeny of colonial breeders often display familial or individual identity signals to elicit and receive costly parental provisions from their own parents. For instance, the Common Murre (or Common Guillemot: Uria aalge) is a colonially breeding seabird that does not build a nest and lays and incubates an egg with an individually unique appearance. How the shell's physical and chemical properties generate this individual variability in coloration and maculation has not been studied in detail. Here, we quantified two characteristics of the avian-visible appearance of murre eggshells collected from the wild: background coloration spectra and maculation density. As predicted by the individual identity hypothesis, there was no statistical relationship between avian-perceivable shell background coloration and maculation density within the same eggs. In turn, variation in both sets of traits was statistically related to some of their physico-chemical properties, including shell thickness and concentrations of the eggshell pigments biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX. These results illustrate how individually unique eggshell appearances, suitable for identity signaling, can be generated by a small number of structural mechanisms.
FIGURE 11 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 11: Naticid egg masses collected on Giglio Island. A/a, Neverita josephinia (Campese Bay); B/b, probably Tectonatica rizzae (Pt. delle Secche); C/c, Notocochlis dillwynii (Pt. delle Secche); D/d, Notocochlis dillwynii (Cala dell´Allume); E/e, Notocochlis dillwynii (Fenaio); F/f, Tectonatica sagraiana (Campese Bay); G/g, Naticarius hebraeus (Pt. del Morto); H-I, egg capsules in egg masses of T. sagraiana (10 days old); J-K, egg capsules in egg masses of N. josephinia (1 day old).
FIGURE 7 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 7: Photos of the holotype of Natica sagraiana Orbigny, 1842 (A–C, F), held at the Natural History Museum, London, BM(NH)#1854.10.4.228, including its labels (G, H), and figured specimen (D, E) of Natica sagraiana Orbigny, 1842 (Orbigny in Sagra 1842, Mollusques, vol. 2, pl. 17, page 34). A, apertual view; B, dorsal view; C, umbilical view; F, apical view; G, BM(NH) label of holotype; H, original labels of Orbigny, indicating the type locality to be Cuba. The figured specimen (D, E) appears to represent the holotype (A-C, F). Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 3 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 3: Photos of all egg masses used for molecular analysis (see Figure 1) in this study. For details concerning collection sites and the sequences amplified see Table 2. The pictures were taken immediately after the collars has been collected. DNA samples from egg masses were marked with C followed by a reference number when DNA was extracted directly from an egg mass; they were marked with L followed by a reference number if DNA extraction was performed from hatched larvae. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 2 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 2: Apertual views of all adult naticid specimens used for molecular analysis (see Figure 1) in this study. For more details concerning collection sites and the sequences amplified see Table 2. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 10 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 10: A, Payraudeautia intricata (Donovan, 1804); B, Neverita josephinia (Risso, 1826). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 8 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 8: A, Tectonatica sagraiana (Orbigny, 1842); B, Tectonatica rizzae (Philippi, 1844). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 9 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 9: A, Euspira nitida (Donovan, 1804); B, Euspira macilenta (Philippi, 1844). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 4: Schematic map of Giglo Island, Grosseto County, Tuscany, Italy (42°21.000´´N 10°54.000´´E), including all collecting sites with naticid occurence: 1, Campese Bay; 2, Pt. del Faraglione; 3, Pt. delle Secche; 4, Cala dell´Allume; 5, Pt. del Corvo; 6, Pt. del Morto; 7, Pt. della Campana; 8, Cannelle Bay; 9,´Swiss House´; 10, Pt. del Fenaio. Pure shallow sandy sites are Campese Bay, Pt. del Faraglione, and Canelle Bay, while the remaining sites are bluffs with rocks, coarse sand flats, and sea weeds. The circular charts show the material (A, living specimens; E, egg masses; S, empty shells) collected at each site in a qualitative manner. N. dillwynii is distributed widest. Collected egg masses listed here were included in the molecular analysis.
FIGURE 6 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 6: A, Naticarius hebraeus (Martyn, 1786); B, Notocochlis dillwynii (Payraudeau, 1826). Further details as in Figure 3. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 1 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 1: Phylogenetic tree based on an analysis of the entire data set (H3, COI, 16S, and 18S sequences) of all specimens listed in Table 2. The phylogenetic model (GTR+I+G) was estimated by MrModeltest (Nylander 2004) performed with Paup*4.0b10 (Swofford 2003). Protein coding data sets were coded as "CODON". Based on different base compositions (chi-square test) in each of the single data sets, all parameters were defined as unlinked. Paup*4.0b10 tree characteristics: RI=0.851, CI=0.579. 325 positions were parsimony-informative, 76 were parsimony-uninformative, and 1141 were constant (1542 bp). Tonna cerevisina (Hedley, 1919) and Cypraea annulus (Linnaeus, 1758) were used as outgroup.
FIGURE 5 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 5: A, Sparsely dotted form of Naticarius stercusmuscarum (Gmelin, 1791); B, Naticarius stercusmuscarum (Gmelin, 1791). All specimens are shown in four standardized views (dorsal, apertural, apical, umbilical) as well as alive. The pictures of living specimens were taken in an aquarium with a black bottom. Scale bars represent 0.5 cm.
FIGURE 2. Claws II in Determinants and taxonomic consequences of extreme egg shell variability in Ramazzottius subanomalus (Biserov, 1985) (Tardigrada)
FIGURE 2. Claws II of similar size females exhibiting haplotype 1 (A) or haplotype 2 (B) as seen in PCM. Minor differences were found between the two haplotypes in morphometry of the internal claws, with haplotype 1 females having slightly smaller claws in relation to the buccal tube length (see Tables 1–2 statistics and Figure 4A for a graphic illustration of the differences in claw dimensions). Scale bar in micrometres.
FIGURE 3 in Determinants and taxonomic consequences of extreme egg shell variability in Ramazzottius subanomalus (Biserov, 1985) (Tardigrada)
FIGURE 3. Chorions of eggs laid by females exhibiting haplotype 1 (A-F) or haplotype 2 (G-L) as seen in PCM and SEM. Highly significant differences were found between the two haplotypes in all measured morphometric eggs traits (see Table 3 for statistics and Figure 4B for a graphic illustration). In general, haplotype 1 eggs were larger and exhibited longer, thinner and more numerous processes than haplotype 2 eggs. Note, however, also the considerable variation within the haplotypes (see Table 3 and Figure 4B for statistics). Scale bars in micrometres, scale for all PCM photomicrographs same as on the photomicrograph A.
FIGURE 1 in Determinants and taxonomic consequences of extreme egg shell variability in Ramazzottius subanomalus (Biserov, 1985) (Tardigrada)
FIGURE 1. Graphic illustration of the experimental design: A—protocol that allows a permanent preservation of eggs but not of adult females; B—protocol that allows a permanent preservation of adult females and empty chorions but not of entire eggs (if only a single egg is laid).
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