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Fig. 4 in Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?

Fig. 4. Computation of similarity between two sequences. For two individuals of Aposthonia borneensis (Hagen) (Oligotomidae), the first 500 steps of their spin sequences are shown (A and B).The red bar underlining a short sequence indicates one 15-step subsequence that is highly similar between these two individuals. For all possible pairs of 15 step subsequences, the heatmap displays the sequence similarity (C), with red areas indicating regions of the spin sequence that are highly similar.The profiles on the margins of the heat map indicate the marginal maxima—that is, for each 15-step subsequence, what is the similarity to the most similar subsequence in the other individual. Portions of the sequence with similarities about 12 were deemed sufficiently similar to the other sequence (vertical or horizontal lines), amounting to about 5% of individual 1's sequence and 10% of individual 2's sequence.

Fig. 3 in Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?

Fig. 3. Kinematic diagrams displaying relative proportion of spin-steps in each position as relative size of the circles. Saturated black color of the body represents dorsal spinning; dark gray represents kinematics when the embiopteran faces the framework silk and spins with her ventral surface facing the camera and the emerging silk structure. Spinning was recorded during hour-long filming sessions in the laboratory in an apparatus as shown in Supp Fig. 1 [online only]. (A) Notoligotoma hardyi average spin dynamics, (B) Haploembia tarsalis average spin dynamics, (C) Diagram shows the positions of the different possible spinsteps whereby the words are placed in the position of the front foot as the embiopteran steps around her body to release silk with each foot fall.The same steps are taken on the left as well during spinning. See Supp Video 2 [online only] for examples of spinning behavior exhibited by individual females.

Fig. 5 in Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships and sequence similarities (n = 15) for all individuals in this study. (A) Sequence similarities are depicted as a heat map, with the diagonal representing self-similarities.The small outlined boxes along the diagonal indicate all intraspecific comparisons, and the mean intraspecific similarity for each species is depicted above the heat map. For comparison, the inset graph, (B) shows the similarity among pairs of species for a trait that is evolving according to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model.The large clade constituting the top 19 species shows high similarity among species (mostly dark colors in the upper left), but low similarity to the two outgroups to this clade (bottom six species, shows as lighter gray colors).The phylogenetic tree is based on Miller et al. 2012.

Fig. 7 in Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?

Fig. 7. Predictors of intraspecific similarity scores. The three panels show the partial residual plots for the three variables selected in the final model for a subsequence length of 15. Intraspecific similarity as a function of: (A) mean annual temperature, (B) temperature seasonality, and (C) silk gallery structure. Two-letter codes indicate the species as in Fig. 6.

FIG. 93 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 93. Optimization of the microtrichia on apical bladder of middle tarsus: state 0, present and uniformly distributed; state 1, present but concentrated on the external side of the bladder; state 2, absent.

FIGS. 77–84 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 77–84. Chaetotaxy and middle bladder: 77, slender hook of Oligotoma saundersi (Oligotomidae); 78, slender hook of Archembia lacombea (Archembiidae); 79, middle bladder with sculpture on Archembia lacombea (Archembiidae); 80, middle bladder with few microtrichia of Gibocercus chaco (Archembiidae); 81, middle bladder without sculpture or michrotrichia Pachylembia unicincta (Archembiidae); 82, small middle bladder with microtrichia Pararhagadochir trachelia (Archembiidae); 83, mechanoreceptor on middle bladder Antipaluria urichi (Clothodidae); 84, detail of mechanoreceptor (circle in fig. 83) on middle bladder of Antipaluria urichi (Clothodidae).

FIGS. 85–90 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 85–90. Apical bladder of hind tarsus midsegment: 85, Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae) left leg; 86, Notoligotoma hardyi (Notoligotomidae) right leg; 87, Gibocercus chaco (Archembiidae) left leg; 88, Dihybocercus femorata (Embiidae) right leg; 89, Oligotoma saundersii (Oligotomidae) left leg; 90, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) right leg.

FIGS. 71–76 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 71–76. Chaetotaxy of hind basitarsus: 71, broad setae of Antipaluria urichi (Clothodidae); 72, broad setae of Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae); 73, jagged setae of Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae); 74, jagged setae of Saussurembia calypso (Anisembiidae); 75, serrate hairs on lateroapical surface of Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae); 76, three-pronged setae on lateroapical surface of Dihybocercus femorata (Embiidae); an enlarged section of this type of setae is shown in the adjacent circle.

FIGS. 63–70 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 63–70. Hind tarsus, ventral view: 63, broad setae in Antipaluria caribbeana (Clothodidae) left leg; 64, broad setae in Australembia incompta (Australembiidae) left leg; 65, jagged setae in Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae) left leg: an enlarged section of this seta is shown in the adjacent circle; 66, broad setae in Notoligotoma hardy (Notoligotomidae) right leg; 67, broad setae in Dihybocercus femorata (Embiidae) right leg; 68, broad setae in Gibocercus chaco (Archembiidae) left leg; 69, broad setae in Oligotoma saundersii (Oligotomidae) left leg; 70, jagged setae in Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) right leg.

FIGS. 57–62 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 57–62. Comb setae on ventral surface of foretarsus basal segment: 57, Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae); 58, Haploembia solieri (Oligotomidae); 59, Oligotoma saundersii (Oligotomidae); 60, Pararhagadochir trachelia (Archembiidae); 61, Saussurembia calypso (Anisembiidae); 62, Gibocercus chaco (Archembiidae).

FIG. 52 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 52. Optimization of the silk ejectors length: state 0, short as in Embiidae (less than 80 μm); state 1, long (more than 100 μm).

FIGS. 45–50 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 45–50. Ventral view of basal segment of foretarsus: 45, Australembia incompta (Australembiidae) left leg; 46, Saussurembia calypso (Anisembiidae) left leg; 47, Notoligotoma hardy (Notoligotomidae) right leg; 48, Pararhagadochir trachelia (Archembiidae) right leg; 49, Embia ramburi (Embiidae) right leg; 50, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) right leg.

FIGS. 30–32 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 30–32. Silk ejectors and combs on basal segment of foretarsus: 30, detail of ventral left margin view of Gibocercurs chaco (Archembiidae): A, silk ejector Type I, B, silk ejector Type II, C, comb setae; 31, silk ejector Type I of Oligotoma saundersii (Oligotomidae), slightly curved; 32, silk ejector Type I of Gibocercus chaco, erect and slender.

FIGS. 39-44 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 39-44. Ventral view of basal segment of foretarsus: 39, Haploembia solieri (Oligotomidae), left leg; 40, Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae), right leg; 41, Antipaluria caribbeana (Clothodidae), left leg; 42, Oligotoma saundersii (Oligotomidae), left leg; 43, Dihybocercus femorata (Embiidae), right leg; 44, Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae), left leg.

FIGS. 14–23 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 14–23. Shapes of auditory organ on middle femur: 14, Chelicerca wheeleri (Anisembiidae) right leg; 15, Mesembia chamulae (Anisembiidae) right leg; 16, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) left leg; 17, Clothoda longicauda (Clothodidae) right leg; 18, Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae) left leg; 19, Australembia nodosa (Australembiidae) left leg; 20, Biguembia copo (Archembiidae) left leg; 21, Machadoembia angolica (Embiidae) right leg; 22, Dihybocercus femorata (Embiidae) right leg; 23, Aposthonia indica (Oligotomidae) right leg.

FIG. 29 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 29. Optimization of the shape of tympanal organ in the hind femur: state 0, small and semicircular; state 1, small disk depressed area; state 2, absent.

FIGS. 33–38 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 33–38. Ventral view of midsegment of foretarsus: 33, Saussurembia calypso (Anisembiidae) left leg: A, silk ejector Type I, B, comb setae, C, serrate hairs; 34, Haploembia solieri (Oligotomidae); 35, Notoligotoma nitens (Notoligotomidae); 36, Australembia incompta (Australembiidae) left leg; 37, Pararhagadochir trachelia (Archembiidae); 38, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae).

FIGS. 6–12 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 6–12. Shapes of auditory organ on forefemur: 6, Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae) right leg; 7, C. wheeleri right leg; 8, Machadoembia angolica (Embiidae) right leg; 9, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) left leg; 10, Australembia nodosa (Australembiidae) right leg; 11, Clothoda longicauda (Clotodidae) left leg; 12, Aposthonia indica (Oligotomidae) right leg.

FIG. 13 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 13. Optimization of the shape of the forefemora tympanal organ: state 0, semicircular with well-defined edges; state 1, a curved, slender band, elongated along the femoral axis; state 2, a tiny triangle. Arrows (>>>) in some parts of the cladogram represent higher groups, with several species included in the dataset, but the internal resolution of which is not relevant for this level of analysis (hence, for clarity, the groups are collapsed and replaced by the corresponding name).

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Fig. 2 in Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?

Fig. 2. Continued.