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41 results for “Emerald ash borer”
Occurrence records used to develop a climatic suitability model for emerald ash borer in DDRP
<p>Presence records used to calibrate and validate a climatic suitability model for emerald ash borer in the DDRP platform (Degree-Days, Risk, and Phenological event mapping) (Barker et al. 2023). The first sheet ("Records") of the Excel file provides the range (native or invaded), continent, country, state or province, locality, latitude, and longitude of origin for each record. The "Coords_est" column indicates whether the coordinates were estimated from city- or county-level information (1 = yes, 0 = no). The year in which the record was collected is provided if known. The second sheet of the Excel file ("References") provides a list of references for each record source.</p>
The dual invasion of Amur honeysuckle and Emerald Ash Borer Shifts Fungal Driven Decomposition in Midwestern Forests
Midwestern forests are currently impacted by two prominent invaders, the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis and Amur honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii. The loss of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees due to EAB invasion can further facilitate honeysuckle invasion, driving changes in the composition of forest leaf litter. To evaluate the extent to which these changes alter ecosystem function, we conducted litter bag and culture-based decomposition experiments using leaf litter from sugar maple (Acer saccharum), oak (Quercus spp.), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). To further understand the mechanism driving differences in decay rates, we inoculated six species of decomposing fungi separately onto both single species and multispecies (half honeysuckle and half native species) leaf litter and measured decomposition rate, fungal growth and enzymatic activity in laboratory-based cultures. Honeysuckle leaf litter decomposed faster, had increased fungal growth, and had higher activity for carbon degrading enzymes compared to native species leaf litter. Furthermore, multispecies mixtures followed the same patterns as honeysuckle, suggesting that the addition of honeysuckle to leaf litter will accelerate ecosystem functions related to carbon breakdown. Consequently, forests that experience the invasion of honeysuckle and EAB induced loss of ash are likely to have faster decomposition, potentially resulting in an influx of available nutrients.
Fig. 3 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 3. Immature stages of Atanycolus cappaerti. (A) Egg on Agrilus planipennis larva at 3× magnification; (B) 1st instar at 3× magnification; (C) 2nd instar at 3× magnification; (D) 3rd instar at 3× magnification; (E) 4th instar at 3× magnification; (F) 5th instar at 1.8× magnification; (G) 6th instar at 1.8× magnification; (H) pupal cocoon at 1.8× magnification; (I) eclosed adult.
Fig. 2 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 2. Diapause behavior of Atanycolus cappaerti progeny when reared in normal rearing conditions (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D).
Fig. 1 in Biology and life history of Atanycolus cappaerti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a North American larval parasitoid attacking the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 1. (A) Longevity and (B) realized fecundity and host utilization (parasitism) rate of adults of Atanycolus cappaerti when reared in single mating pairs (n = 16 for both sexes) and continually provided with emerald ash borer larvae on a weekly basis for their lifespan.
Fig. 2 in Monitoring the establishment and flight phenology of parasitoids of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Michigan by using sentinel eggs and larvae
Fig. 2. Percentage of parasitism by Tetrastichus planipennisi of emerald ash borer larvae in larval sentinel logs (pooled by sample date, i.e., the date that larval sentinel logs were collected) in Nancy Moore and Burchfield Parks, Michigan, in (A) 2011, (C) 2012, and (E) 2013, and by Atanycolus spp. in (B) 2011, (D) 2012, and (F) 2013. The secondary Y-axis is growing degree day base 10 °C (GDD10) using the Baskerville–Emin method.
Fig. 1 in Monitoring the establishment and flight phenology of parasitoids of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Michigan by using sentinel eggs and larvae
Fig. 1. Percentage of parasitism by Oobius agrili of emerald ash borer eggs on all egg sentinel logs (pooled by sample date, i.e., the date that egg sentinel logs were collected) in Central Park, Michigan, in (A) 2011 and (C) 2012, and on individual egg sentinel logs pooled over all sample dates in (B) 2011 and (D) 2012. The secondary Y-axis is growing degree day base 10 °C (GDD10) using the Baskerville–Emin method.
Fig. 1 in Overwintering developmental stages of emerald ash borer in North Carolina
Fig. 1. Length of the terminal process of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) larvae collected under bark in the winters of 2017 to 2020 (n = 547 total).
Fig. 2 in Overwintering developmental stages of emerald ash borer in North Carolina
Fig. 2. (A) Balcha indica (Eupelmidae); (B) Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae); (C) Spathius sp. (Braconidae: Doryctinae); (D) Atanycolus cf. cappaerti (Braconidae: Braconinae); (E) Xorides humeralis (Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae). Not to scale. Photographs by Matt Bertone.
Fig. 3 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 3. Proportion of dead (A) and diapaused (B) Spathius galinae by stage at time of deployment, and overwintering microhabitat. Fate was determined by dis- secting all logs once emergence was complete. Letters of the same type and case within the same subfigure indicate significance when data are considered by stage alone (P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 2. Deployment jar for logs containing emerald ash borer larvae parasitized by Spathius galinae. Logs were inserted in floral foam in 3.8 L polyethylene terephthalate jar with 2 mesh cutouts for ventilation and excess water drain- age. The jar was attached to the tree by resting the bottom of the jar on 2 nails hammered into the tree while a length of wire wrapped around the 2 nails on either side of the jar. Another wire looped around the neck of the jar and was fastened to the nail at the top. Water was added to the jars as needed to ensure adequate hydration of the logs and larvae.
Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A. Stearns Laboratory in Newark, Delaware, USA. Letters indicate habitat type and approximate experiment locations: (A) mature forest, a larger, more mature wooded area; (B) urban forest, small, highly disturbed woodlot.
Fig. 4 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 4. Survival analysis of Spathius galinae emergence from urban (A) and mature forest (B) sites over time by stage at time of deployment.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) Found in Emerald Ash Borer Traps in Vermont, USA.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) Found in Emerald Ash Borer Traps in Vermont, USA". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/2dad7638-c3fd-4ffc-b634-7ec76441f75b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/2dad7638-c3fd-4ffc-b634-7ec76441f75b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/2dad7638-c3fd-4ffc-b634-7ec76441f75b">https://gbif.org/dataset/2dad7638-c3fd-4ffc-b634-7ec76441f75b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: Influence of mortality factors and host resistance on the population dynamics of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in urban forests
The success of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in North America is hypothesized to be due to both the lack of significant natural enemies permitting easy establishment and a population of trees that lack the ability to defend themselves, which allows populations to grow unchecked. Since its discovery in 2002, a number of studies have examined mortality factors of the insect in forests, but none have examined the role of natural enemies and other mortality agents in the urban forest. This is significant because it is in the urban forest where the emerald ash borer has had the most significant economic impacts. We studied populations in urban forests in three municipalities in Ontario, Canada, between 2010 and 2012 using life tables and stage-specific survivorship to analyze data from a split-rearing manipulative experiment. We found that there was little overall mortality caused by natural enemies; most mortality we did observe was caused by disease. Stage-specific survivorship was lowest in small and large larvae, supporting previous observations of high mortality in these two stages. We also used our data to test the hypothesis that mortality and density in emerald ash borer are linked. Our results support the prediction of a negative relationship between mortality and density. However, the relationship varies between insects developing in the crown and those in the trunk of the tree. This relationship was significant because when incorporated with previous findings, it suggests a mechanism and hypothesis to explain the outbreak dynamics of the emerald ash borer.
Data from: An artificial delay in emergence influences the number but not the fitness of adult emerald ash borer emerging from infested ash wood
Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Buprestidae) is the most significant invasive forest pest in North America. Laboratory research on this species requires a source of adult and larval insects that are of the same fitness as those present in the wild. Production of adult emerald ash borer relies on flushing adults from logs which are subject to cold storage for some period prior to use. The effect of this storage on the number of insects emerging or the fitness of those that emerge has not been investigated. We subjected logs of EAB-infested white ash, Fraxinus americana L. to 7–14 month of cold storage and quantified the number of insects that emerged, time to emergence, and the body condition of adults as a measure of fitness. Body condition was evaluated using Soxhlet fat extraction and water weight. No published methods for Soxhlet fat extraction were available for this species so we developed extraction protocols. The number of insects emerging decreased with time, but fitness (i.e., fat content, water content) did not decrease. Time to emergence did increase but only in the longest-storage treatment while a comparison of male versus female emergence provides evidence for protandry in emerald ash borer. Rearing programs for emerald ash borer using wood from cold storage should adjust the amount used to produce a given number of insects but the quality of those individuals emerging will not be affected. We suggest that those insects that perished during storage were of lower quality when entering diapause and thus would serve as poor-quality host in rearing programs for natural enemies of emerald ash borer. These data also provide evidence for one pathway of introduction for emerald ash borer, suggesting that refrigeration in transit was required for EAB to remain viable and establish its beachhead in North America.
Data from: Trade-offs in parasitism efficiency and brood size mediate parasitoid coexistence, with implications for biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer
1. Parasitoids often are selected for use as biological control agents because of their high host specificity, yet such host specificity can result in strong interspecific competition. Few studies have examined whether and how various extrinsic factors (such as parasitism efficiency, i.e. the ability to optimize host-finding attack rates) influence the outcome of competition between parasitoids, even though they could have profound effects on the implementation of classical biological control programmes. 2. To determine the potential influence of extrinsic competition and coexistence on host suppression efficacy, we compared parasitism by two larval parasitoids (Tetrastichus planipennisi and Spathius galinae) of the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis, under different host densities, parasitoid densities, host plant sizes and parasitoid–host ratios. 3. Spathius galinae had significantly higher parasitism efficiency (≈4 times), but significantly lower brood size (>6 times) than that of T. planipennisi. The attack rates of hosts increased significantly with parasitoid density, whereas host density did not significantly affect multiparasitism. The parasitism rate of T. planipennisi on small host logs was significantly higher than that on large logs, while host plant (log) size had no significant impact on S. galinae parasitism. 4. The multiparasitism rate was rather low regardless of host log size and parasitoid/host density, indicating that intrinsic competition between the two species of parasitoids might seldom occur in the field. The two species of parasitoids could therefore coexist in the same habitat, and any adverse effects on the suppression of EAB populations caused by competitive behaviour between the two species of parasitoids would likely be negligible. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that introducing multiple species of parasitic natural enemies could be feasible for management of invasive species, but it is important to examine multiple extrinsic factors simultaneously when evaluating interspecific competition between them. Among these different extrinsic factors, we found that coexistence between parasitoids can be mediated by trade-offs in their parasitism efficiency and brood sizes. Thus, the differences in life-history traits of natural enemies could be used to select among biological control agents being considered for releases.
Introduced plants induce outbreaks of a native pest and facilitate invasion in the plants' native range: Evidence from the emerald ash borer
<p>1. Biological invasions are among the most serious threats to native forest ecosystems worldwide due to ever-increasing international trade and global change. Understanding the invasion processes and ecology of invasive pests in both newly invaded and native habitats is necessary to effectively manage the risks they pose. 2. The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is one of the most devastating invasive forest insect pests in North America and has also invaded European Russia and parts of Europe. Through synthesizing historical data spanning >100 years and contemporary field observations in China, we examined EAB's distribution, occurrence, and outbreak frequency in its native range in relation to historical introductions and plantings of non-Asian ash trees in China. 3. The frequencies and levels of EAB infestations in China gradually increased from 1900 to 2021 after a time-lag of 30-50 years following introductions and widespread plantings of non-Asian ash trees from North America. Increased frequencies of EAB outbreaks following the planting of North American ash trees in China may have increased the risk of EAB invading North America and other novel regions. 4. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrated that planting susceptible non-native host plants can induce outbreaks of a native insect pest in its native range, which in turn may enhance risks of invading novel regions via human-assisted activities (e.g., international trade). In addition, our findings suggest that lag-times of several decades between planting susceptible hosts and initial pest outbreaks may pose challenges in predicting the true risk of invading novel regions. Consequently, comprehensive risk assessment for invasive insect pests should consider the role of non-native plants introduced or planted in the pest's native range.</p>
Data from: Plasticity drives extreme cold tolerance of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) during a polar vortex
<p>Invasive species must often survive combinations of environmental conditions that differ considerably from their native range; however, for a given species it is unclear whether improved tolerance is the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation (or both).</p> <p><em>Agrilus planipennis</em> (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; the emerald ash borer) is an invasive pest of <em>Fraxinus</em> trees in North America and Europe. Previous studies in southwestern Ontario, Canada, showed that <em>A. planipennis</em> is freeze avoidant, preventing internal ice formation by accumulating molar concentrations of glycerol in its hemolymph and depressing its supercooling point (SCP, the temperature at which it freezes). The cold tolerance of these southwestern Ontario animals was used to predict potential distribution, revealing that some Canadian cities should be too cold to allow populations to persist. However, a small population of <em>A. planipennis</em> has persisted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, through several severe 'polar vortex' events.</p> <p>In 2018/19, we collected <em>A. planipennis</em> larvae and prepupae from Winnipeg, Manitoba and Southern Ontario, and found that individuals from Winnipeg were extremely cold tolerant – with SCPs as low as -52 °C in prepupae (compared to 32 °C in Southern Ontario), and survival of unfrozen individuals exposed to -50 °C for one hour. This cold tolerance was accompanied by higher hemolymph osmolality and glycerol concentration than in the SW Ontario individuals. To distinguish between phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation, in 2020/21 we overwintered Winnipeg-sourced individuals either outdoors in southwestern Ontario or in a simulated Winnipeg winter. Simulated Winnipeg winter individuals had cold tolerance similar to those overwintered in Winnipeg, while southwestern Ontario overwintered individuals had cold tolerance similar to those collected previously in the region. The simulated winter individuals had higher hemolymph glycerol concentrations than southwestern Ontario overwintered animals, at least in part due to greater dehydration. Thus, <em>A. planipennis</em> are cold-tolerant enough to survive some of the harshest winters where their host trees can grow, and most likely attain this cold tolerance via phenotypic plasticity. These findings raise the importance of delineating sensitivity of conclusions to unexpected phenotypic plasticity when predicting potential distributions of new invasives or responses to climate change.</p> <p>The data in this dataset are the SCPs and treatment data for the experimental animals used in these cold tolerance experiments. </p>
Data from: Plasticity drives extreme cold tolerance of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) during a polar vortex
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