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Fig. 1 in Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Fig. 1. Size and fecundity rates for amplectant pairs of Engystomops pustulatus. After collected in amplexus in the field, pairs were left in plastic containers where they could spawn. (A) Proportion of unfertilized eggs among pairs that successfully built a nest, (B) Female vs. male snout-vent length (SVL) with linear regression and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines).

Fig. 5 in Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Fig. 5. Relationship (in log space) for body and testis mass among 11 species of Leptodactylinae frogs. Except for Engystomops pustulatus, data is from Prado and Haddad (2003). Open circles indicate species on which multimale spawning has been reported. Note that E. pustulatus, in which multi-male spawning apparently occurs, also has larger testis than other Leptodactylinae.

Fig. 2 in Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Fig. 2. Bivariate plots for (A) nest volume vs. number of eggs, (B) females size vs. nest volume, and (C) male size vs. number of eggs in Engystomops pustulatus. Linear regressions with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines), determination coefficients (R2), and ANOVA's P values are shown.

Fig. 4 in Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Fig. 4. Engystomops pustulatus nesting couple (QCAZ 26671– 72) and β-male (QCAZ 26673). The couple builds the foam nest as the male kicks the egg masses extruded by the female. Frame from video (infra-red recording). See text for details.

Fig. 3 in Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Fig. 3. Spawning of Engystomops pustulatus nesting couple (QCAZ 26671–72) and β-male (QCAZ 26673). Above: duration of kicking bursts. Below: number of bursts per minute; asterisks indicate β-male movements in the foam. Measurements are shown in sequence from the beginning of the observation until the couple left the nest. See text for details.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

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Data from: Mating patterns and post-mating isolation in three cryptic species of the Engystomops petersi species complex

Determining the extent of reproductive isolation in cryptic species with dynamic geographic ranges can give us important insights into the processes that generate and maintain genetic divergence in the absence of severe geographic barriers. We studied mating patterns, propensity to crossbreed in nature and subsequent fertilization rates, as well as survival and development of hybrid F1 offspring for three species of the E. petersi species complex in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. We found at least two species in five out of seven locations sampled, and 14.3% of the wild pairs genotyped were heterospecific crosses. We also found reduced fertilization rates in hybrid crosses between E. petersi females and E. "magnus" males, and between E. "magnus" females and E. "selva" males but not in the opposite hybrid crosses, suggesting asymmetric reproductive isolation for these species. Larval development time decreased in F1 hybrid crosses compared to conspecific F1s, but we did not find any reduction in larval survival or early metamorph survival. Our results show evidence of post-mating isolation for at least two hybrid crosses of the cryptic species we studied. The general decrease in fertilization rates in heterospecific crosses suggests that sexual selection and reinforcement might have not only contributed to the pattern of call variation and behavioral isolation we see between species today, but they may also contribute to further signal divergence and behavioral evolution, especially in locations where hybridization is common and fertilization success is diminished.

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Data from: Mating patterns and post-mating isolation in three cryptic species of the Engystomops petersi species complex

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publicMay 2017View details →

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Data from: Thermal sensitivity of a Neotropical amphibian (Engystomops pustulosus) and its vulnerability to climate change

A species' thermal sensitivity and its exposure to climate variation are key components in the prediction of its vulnerability to climate change. We tested the thermal sensitivity of a tropical amphibian that lives in a mild constant climate in which the thermal tolerance range is expected to closely match the experienced environmental temperature. The air temperature that this species is exposed to varies between 21.9 and 31.6°C with an annual mean of 27.2°C. We estimated the microhabitat water temperature variation under vegetation shade, which buffers the temperature by 1.8°C in relation to that of the air, and with open canopy, where the water was 1.9°C warmer than the air temperature. With broods of tadpoles split into five treatments (15°C, 21°C, 28°C, 31°C, and 33°C), we estimated the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and critical thermal minimum (CTMin) after at least 7 days of acclimation. Both CTMax (42.3°C) and CTMin (11.8°C) were more extreme than the temperature range estimated for the field. We estimated the optimum temperature (To = 28.8°C) and the thermal performance breadth (range: 23.3–34.1°C) based on growth rate (g/day). The animals were able to acclimate more extensively to cold than to warm temperatures. These performance curve traits closely matched the air temperature. The estimated vulnerability varied according to the microhabitat prediction model used. The combination of tadpole data on thermal sensitivity and macro- and microhabitat variation provides a necessary framework to understand the effects of climate change on tropical amphibians.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 10. Karyotype of Engystomops puyango. (A) Giemsa stained, (B) Ag-NOR stained, (C) C-banded. Arrows indicate the secondary constriction (A), Ag-NOR (B), C-banded in pair 9 (C).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 7. Ventral views of the right hand and foot of Engystomops puyango, QCAZ 26975 (adult male from Bosque Protector Puyango, Ecuador; SVL = 28.16).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 3. Dorsal photographs of adult Engystomops puyango (A) QCAZ 26980, (B) QCAZ 31506, (C) QCAZ 26998, (D) QCAZ 2880; and E. pustulatus (E) QCAZ 26736, showing differences in skin texture. Note that E. puyango has smaller tubercles.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 9. Known records of Engystomops puyango (circles) and E. pustulatus (solid triangles for northern range, hollow triangles for the southern range). Locality data are based on specimens deposited in, California Academy of Sciences, Museo de Zoología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, and Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University (Appendix I).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 2. Dorsolateral and ventral views of (A) Engystomops puyango, QCAZ 26988, adult female, SVL = 26.54; (B) E. puyango, QCAZ 26987, adult male, SVL = 28.19, and (C) E. pustulatus, QCAZ 26114, adult male, SVL = 28.5. Engystomops puyango from Bosque Protector Puyango (Provincia El Oro, Ecuador); E. pustulatus, from La Maná (Provincia Cotopaxi, Ecuador).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 1. Lateral (top), ventral (left), and dorsal (right) views of the holotype of Engystomops puyango (QCAZ 26978). Not drawn to scale.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 6. Dorsal and ventral views of adult Engystomops puyango showing variation in dorsal and ventral patterns. From left to right, above: QCAZ 26976, 26982–83, 26986; below: QCAZ 27009, 27013, 37276 (all males). Provincia Loja and El Oro, Ecuador (See Appendix I for locality data).

FIGURE 8. Axes I and II in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 8. Axes I and II from Principal Components Analysis based on six size-corrected morphological variables for Engystomops puyango (30 specimens), E. pustulatus (51), and E. sp. B (11). See Table 6 for character loadings on each component.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 5. Calls of Engystomops from western Ecuador. A–E: E. puyango (QCAZ 26968) from Bosque Protector Puyango, Provincia El Oro, Ecuador; F–J: E. pustulatus (QCAZ 26852) from El Empalme, Provincia Guayas, Ecuador. A and F are oscilograms; B and G spectrograms; C and H power spectra of complete call, D and I power spectra of the first component, E and J power spectra of the third component.

FIGURE 4. Axes I and II in A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador

FIGURE 4. Axes I and II from Principal Components Analysis based on eight acoustic variables from the advertisement calls of Engystomops puyango (10 males) and E. pustulatus (39). See Table 2 for character loadings on each component.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

FIGURA 2 in Efecto Del Tamaño Del Hábitat En La Supervivencia, Desarrollo Y Crecimiento En Renacuajos De Engystomops Pustulosus (Anura: Leiuperidae) Y Rhinella Humboldti (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIGURA 2: Desarrollo de los renacuajos en los tres tamaños de hábitat experimentales a diferentes tiempos. (A) E. pustulosus, (B) R. humboldti. Estadíos de desarrollo según Gosner (1960).