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Fig. 5 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird
Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of 714 most parsimonious trees (L = 331, CI = 0.32, RI = 0.57) resulting from an analysis that, concerning the extant taxa, was constrained to the results of current molecular analyses (Prum et al. 2015; Kuhl et al. 2021). Extinct taxa are indicated by a dagger.
Fig. 3 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird
Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 2 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird
Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 1 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird
Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views; A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view; A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views; A25, A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views; A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively).
Fig. 1 in Eocene and not Cretaceous origin of spider wasps: Fossil evidence from amber
Fig. 1. Spider wasp Anoplius planeta Rodriguez and Pitts sp. nov., holotype, OSAC Hy-10-45, male specimen, from Early Miocene Dominican amber, Cordillera Septentrional, between Puerto Plata and Santiago, Dominican Republic. A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Mesosoma in dorsal view. C. Forewing. D. Pulvillus. E. Hindwing. Photographs (A1, B1), camera lucida illustrations (A2, B2, C–E).
Fig. 2 in Eocene and not Cretaceous origin of spider wasps: Fossil evidence from amber
Fig. 2. Spider wasp Tainopompilus argentum sp. nov., holotype, OSAC Hy- 10-45, male specimen, from Early Miocene Dominican amber, Cordillera Septentrional, between Puerto Plata and Santiago, Dominican Republic. A. Specimen in lateral view. B. Forewing. Photograph (A1), camera lucida illustrations (A2, B).
Fig. 3 in Eocene and not Cretaceous origin of spider wasps: Fossil evidence from amber
Fig. 3. Spider wasp Paleogenia wahisi Waichert and Pitts sp. nov. holotype, OSAC Hy-10-80, male specimen, from late Eocene Baltic amber, Kaliningrad Region, Baltic Sea, Russia. A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Head. C. Forewing. Photographs (A1, B1), camera lucida illustrations (A2, B2, C).
Original figure plates for "First fossil species of ship-timber beetles (Coleoptera, Lymexylidae) from Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine)"
<p>Original figure plates for "<strong>First fossil species of ship-timber beetles (Coleoptera, Lymexylidae) from Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine)</strong>".</p> <p>Abstract. A new lymexylid fossil species, †<em>Raractocetus sverlilo</em> Nazarenko, Perkovsky & Yamamoto, sp. nov., is described from late Eocene Rovno amber in Ukraine. This new species is similar to species of the recent genera <em>Atractocerus</em> Palisot de Beauvois and <em>Raractocetus</em> Kurosawa in the ship-timber beetle subfamily Atractocerinae, but differs in pronotal and elytral features. Notably, the new species is one of the smallest atractocerines known to date. This is the first member of the family Lymexylidae found in Rovno amber. Our finding sheds further light on the paleodiversity of atractocerine beetles, highlighting a peculiar distribution during the Eocene. Only one extant atractocerine specimen has been reported from Europe (Greece), while three species from Eocene European amber forests with equable climate are known now, including two species from the otherwise tropical genus <em>Raractocetus</em>. Our finding of the<em> Raractocetus</em> beetle from Rovno amber is of significant biogeographically because it indicates the wide distribution of the genus in the Eocene European amber forests.</p>
Fig. 1 in Comparison Of Biting Midges Of The Early Eocene Cambay Amber (India) And Late Eocene European Ambers Supports The Independent Origin Of European Ambers
Fig. 1. Eohelea sp. with unique structure of wing organ from Rovno amber: 1 — dorsal view, 2 — ventral view.
Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).
Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k).
Text-fig. 1. Diplopanax cacaoides (ZENKER) comb. nov. a–d: [Holotype of Mastixia cantia E.REID et M.CHANDLER, V.22953]. a: Lateral view of longitudinally broken specimen, reflected light. b–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. b: Lateral view of longitudinal fracture surface. c: Same specimen rotated to show external surface. d: Enlargement of lower half from (a, b), reflected light. e, f: Specimen figured originally as a paratype of M. cantia, V.22954 (Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 3), reflected light. e: Ventral view with much of the endocarp wall fallen away exposing smooth convex ventral surface of locule cast. f: Transversely fractured surface, showing thick wall of the endocarp, and dehiscence plane leading to the left limb of the locule. g: Transversely sectioned, laterally compressed specimen from Miocene of Wiesa, Germany for comparison, Senckenberg Museum, SM.B. 21034/I. h–j: Digital transverse sections from micro-CT data of the Holotype V.22953. h: Transverse fracture surface from (b), showing curved locule and zone of weakness defining the germination valve (arrow), reflected light. i: Same orientation with clear demarcation of the separation plane of the germination valve (arrow), digital section from micro-CT scan. j: Enlargement from (h). Scale bars 5 mm. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 1. Diplopanax cacaoides (ZENKER) comb. nov. a–d: [Holotype of Mastixia cantia E.REID et M.CHANDLER, V.22953]. a: Lateral view of longitudinally broken specimen, reflected light. b–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. b: Lateral view of longitudinal fracture surface. c: Same specimen rotated to show external surface. d: Enlargement of lower half from (a, b), reflected light. e, f: Specimen figured originally as a paratype of M. cantia, V.22954 (Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 3), reflected light. e: Ventral view with much of the endocarp wall fallen away exposing smooth convex ventral surface of locule cast. f: Transversely fractured surface, showing thick wall of the endocarp, and dehiscence plane leading to the left limb of the locule. g: Transversely sectioned, laterally compressed specimen from Miocene of Wiesa, Germany for comparison, Senckenberg Museum, SM.B. 21034/I. h–j: Digital transverse sections from micro-CT data of the Holotype V.22953. h: Transverse fracture surface from (b), showing curved locule and zone of weakness defining the germination valve (arrow), reflected light. i: Same orientation with clear demarcation of the separation plane of the germination valve (arrow), digital section from micro-CT scan. j: Enlargement from (h). Scale bars 5 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Mastixia cf. oregonensis (R.A.SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD from the London Clay, originally included within the concept of M. cantiensis. a–c: V. 22960(1). a: Transverse fracture, showing c-shaped locule, dorsal infold, and sculptured endocarp, reflected light. b: Transverse digital section from micro-CT scan data. c: Surface view of ribbed endocarp extracted from micro-CT data. d: Transverse fracture, reflected light, V. 22955 (originally illustrated in pl. 25, fig. 4 of Reid and Chandler 1933). e, f: Transverse physical section, V. 22963(2) showing U-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. g–i reflected light. g: Detail from left of (d). h, i: Detail from right of (f). Scale bars 5 mm in (a–f), 1 mm in (g–i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 4. Mastixia cf. oregonensis (R.A.SCOTT) TIFFNEY et HAGGARD from the London Clay, originally included within the concept of M. cantiensis. a–c: V. 22960(1). a: Transverse fracture, showing c-shaped locule, dorsal infold, and sculptured endocarp, reflected light. b: Transverse digital section from micro-CT scan data. c: Surface view of ribbed endocarp extracted from micro-CT data. d: Transverse fracture, reflected light, V. 22955 (originally illustrated in pl. 25, fig. 4 of Reid and Chandler 1933). e, f: Transverse physical section, V. 22963(2) showing U-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. g–i reflected light. g: Detail from left of (d). h, i: Detail from right of (f). Scale bars 5 mm in (a–f), 1 mm in (g–i).
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i).
Text-fig. 1. Massalongo's original specimens. a: Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL.; b: Pterigophycos gazolanus A.MASSAL.; c: Pterigophycos canossae A.MASSAL.; d: Pterigophycos spectabilis A.MASSAL. Reproduced from Massalongo (1858: pls 15–17). Scale bars = 1 cm. in A Whole-Plant Specimen Of The Marine Macroalga Pterigophycos From The Eocene Of Bolca (Veneto, N-Italy)
Text-fig. 1. Massalongo's original specimens. a: Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL.; b: Pterigophycos gazolanus A.MASSAL.; c: Pterigophycos canossae A.MASSAL.; d: Pterigophycos spectabilis A.MASSAL. Reproduced from Massalongo (1858: pls 15–17). Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig. 3 in The oldest fossil record of the megamouth shark from the late Eocene of Denmark, and comments on the enigmatic megachasmid origin
Fig. 3. Priabonian (late Eocene) paleogeographic map (after Smith et al. 1994: 29) showing the fossil record of "applegatei-grade" Megachasma (i.e., M. alisonae sp. nov., M. applegatei, or M. cf. M. applegatei) from Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene–?Pliocene deposits as well as "pelagios-grade" Megachasma (i.e., M. pelagios or M. cf. M. pelagios) from post-Oligocene deposits. Asterisk indicates inferred taxonomic identification (see text). Localities: 1, Priabonian of Denmark (this study); 2, Chattian of Oregon, USA; 3, Chattian of California, USA; 4, Aquitanian of Oregon, USA; 5, Aquitanian of California, USA (Shimada et al. 2014); 6, Aquitanian of Mexico (Gonzalez-Barba and Thies 2000); 7, "early Miocene (?)"–"early Pliocene (?)" of Belgium (De Schutter 2009); 8, Zanclean of North Carolina, USA (Purdy et al. 2001); 9, "Neogene" of Florida, USA (De Schutter 2009); 10, "Upper Miocene" of Chile (Cappetta 2012); 11, Tortonian of Greece (Keupp and Bellas 2002; De Schutter 2009; Cappetta 2012); 12, Zanclean of Italy (Spadini and Manganelli 2015); 13, "late Miocene"–"early Pleistocene" of Okinawa, Japan (Tomita and Yokoyama 2015).
Fig. 2 in The oldest fossil record of the megamouth shark from the late Eocene of Denmark, and comments on the enigmatic megachasmid origin
Fig. 2. Tooth of megamouth shark Megachasma alisonae sp. nov. (NHMUK PV P73711) from the Pyt Member (mid-Priabonian) of the upper Eocene Søvind Marl Formation of Moesgård Strand, Denmark. A. Photograph in labial (A 1), lingual (A 2), basal (A 3), distal (A 4), mesial (A5), and apical (A6) views. B. Line drawing showing crown (light gray) and root (dark gray) as well as missing portions (white). C. Scatter plots between CH/CW ratios and RL/RW ratios comparing NHMUK PV P73711 with extant M. pelagios (n = 23) and type series of M. applegatei from Aquitanian (early Miocene) of California, USA (n = 67) (after Shimada et al. 2014: fig. 6B). Abbreviations: CH, crown height; CW, crown width; RL, root length; RW, root width.
Fig. 6 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 6. Comparison of phylogenetic trees and of the three hypotheses of hyaenodont origin and dispersals with focus on the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae. A. African origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of the Sinopinae from Europe to North America. A 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Solé et al. (2014b). A 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypothesis of an African origin for the Hyaenodonta. B. Asian origin with subsequent dispersals of Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of Tinerhodon from Europe to Africa. B 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Rana et al. (in press); the position of the Group A is variable—we represent only two of the four possible positions: the basal position implies two dispersal events from Laurasia to Africa, while the more inclusive position implies one single event. B 2. Faunal dispersals around the Paleocene–Eocene transition based on the hypothesis of an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta. C. Multiregional origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae from Asia to North America through Europe, and of the Proviverrinae from Africa to Europe. C 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the abstract of Morlo et al. (2010). C 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypotheses of an Asian origin for the Sinopinae (Hyaenodontida) and of an African one for the Proviverrinae (Proviverroidea). The phylogeny of Rana et al. in press) is, however, consistent with either an African or an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta; only the Asian origin is discussed here; the position of Tinerhodon in C 1 is our hypothesis because this taxon is not discussed by Morlo et al. (2010). Abbreviations: A, Africa; L, Laurasia. Bolded, taxa that mainly radiated in Africa; asterisks, paraphyletic subfamilies in Rana et al. (in press). A 2 –C 2 are adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau. edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.
Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 from early Eocene, Rians, France; MNHN.F.RI 400, left m2; labial (A), occlusal (B), and lingual (C) views.
Fig. 7 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily
Fig. 7. Geographic localisation of the Asian hyaenodonts mentioned in the text, and distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae. Both the geographic distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae include the Mongolian specimen PSS 20-124. Adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.
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