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Fig. 6 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 6. Lophid homologies for lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of Erethizontidae according to this study. The arrows point in the direction of the change from pentalophodonty (A) towards tetra− (B), and hexalophodonty (C). All drawn as if from the right side.

Fig. 3 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 3. Nomenclature for cusps and lophids of lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of the Erethizontidae. A. Steiromys detentus MLP15−339, left dp4. B. Gen. and sp. nov. MPEF 7592b, right dp4. Scale bars 1 mm. Below each photomicrographs (A1, B1), enlarged interpretive drawings (A2, B2) are shown.

Fig. 5 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 5. Lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of: A. Baluchimys ganeshapher (left dp4). B. Phiomys andrewsi (right dp4). C. Gaudeamus aegyptius (right dp4). Afrom Flynn et al. (1986: fig. 17J); B, C from Wood (1968: figs. 1G, 15E).

Fig. 1 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 1. Lophid homologies for lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of "caviomorphs" according to Patterson and Wood (1982). The arrow points in the direction of the change from tetralophodonty (A) towards pentalophodonty (B). All drawn as if from the right side.

Fig. 4 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 4. Lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of Erethizontidae. A. Steiromys detentus MLP15−293, right dp4. B. Eosteiromys? sp. nov. MPEF 5090a, left dp4. C. Hypsosteiromys nectus MACNA 52−177 (type specimen), right dp4. D. Eosteiromys homogenidens MLP 85−VII−3−33f, right dp4. E. Eosteiromys homogenidens MNHN col. 99a, left dp4. F. Eosteiromys? sp. nov. MPEF 5811d, right dp4. Not to scale.

Fig. 8 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 8. Lower deciduous tooth of Branisamys luribayensis (GN014, type of Villarroelomys bolivianus), from Patterson and Wood (1982), showing the homologiesproposedinthisstudy(A),andbyPattersonandWood(1982)(B).

Fig.7 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig.7.Lowerdeciduousteeth(dp4)of"caviomorphs". A, B. Protacaremys; MLP 85−VII−131 (right dp4) (A); MLP 85−VII−3−128 (right dp4) (B). C. Acarechimys MLP82−XII−1−6 (left dp4), D, E. Sciamys; MLP82−V−2−33 (left dp4) (D); MLP 15−197 (left dp4) (E). F. Protadelphomys MPEF 5050 (left dp4). Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 2. Schematic drawings of lower deciduous teeth of selected "caviomorphs" taken from Patterson and Wood (1982). A. Erethizon dorsatum MCZ no. 51367. B. Prospaniomys priscus AMNH no 29697. C. Erethizon dorsatum MCZ no. B 7752. D. Protacaremys prior AMNH 29707. E. Protacaremys prior FMNHP13295. F. Protacaremys prior AMNH29692.

FIG. 12 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 12. Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of geographic range evolution for the erethizontid crown clade. See table 1 (footnote) for range descriptors and table 8 for divergence-date estimates.

FIG. 10 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 10. Coendou prehensilis with erected cranial quills. The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of this species provide increased surface area for quill deployment, and their convex margins allow erected quills to point anteriorly and laterally to protect adjacent soft tissues. Photographed at the Frankfurt Zoo in 2008 (courtesy of Marek Polster).

FIG. 9 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 9. Maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral phenotypes for three morphological characters of Recent erethizontids. Branch tips representing species of Coendou are labeled with corresponding epithets only. See text for character definitions and scoring criteria and table 8 for divergence-date estimates. Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent estimated probabilities of alternative states.

FIG. 8 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 8. Lateral cranial views: A, Coendou prehensilis (AMNH 134064); B, C. melanurus (AMNH 266565). The inflated nasofrontal sinuses of C. prehensilis (type species of the genus Coendou) result in a strongly convex dorsal profile by contrast with the flat dorsal profile of C. melanurus (referred to Sphiggurus by some authors; see text). Both skulls are life size (×1).

FIG. 7 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 7. Coendou rufescens (FMNH 88524), previously referred to Echinoprocta by many authors. This is a shorttailed species that (like C. prehensilis) appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 6 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 6. Coendou melanurus (AMNH 266565), referred to Sphiggurus by Husson (1978) and other authors. This is a long-tailed species in which the quills are concealed beneath long, dense fur.

FIG. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 5. Coendou prehensilis (INPA 2875), the type species of Coendou. This is a long-tailed species that appears completely spiny because the quills conceal its short, sparse fur.

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny for 45 ingroup (erethizontid) terminals; outgroup taxa are not shown. Labeling conventions and nodal support statistics are the same as in figure 3. Capital letters (A, B, C) indicate unnamed clades discussed in the text.

FIG. 3 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 3. Strict consensus of 14 equally most-parsimonious trees for 29 unique erethizontid cytochrome-b haplotypes (only ingroup relationships are shown). Sequenced specimens of Coendou are identified by country of origin, next-largest political unit (state, department, or province), collection locality number (mapped in fig. 1), and an alphanumeric identifier (tissue, voucher, or GenBank accession number; see tables 2 and 3). Nodal support values are bootstrap percentages.

FIG. 1 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography

FIG. 1. Collection localities of sequenced specimens of Neotropical erethizontids (Chaetomys and Coendou). See gazetteer (appendix 1) for geographic coordinates and other information.

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Fig. 6 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 6. Ventrolateral cranial views of Coendou vestitus (A, AMNH 71360) and C. pruinosus (B, MCZ 18738) showing species differences in alisphenoid morphology. In Coendou vestitus, the alisphenoid is incompletely ossified, resulting in an open sphenopterygoid canal and a buccinatormasticatory foramen (bmf) that is confluent with the foramen ovale (fo). By contrast, the alisphenoid is fully ossified in C. pruinosus, whose sphenopterygoid canal (arrow) is laterally enclosed and whose buccinatormasticatory and oval foramina are separate.