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123 results for “Escarpment”
"Wind turbine wakes on escarpments: A wind-tunnel study"
<p>Dar, Arslan Salim, and Fernando Porté-Agel. "Wind turbine wakes on escarpments: A wind-tunnel study." <em>Renewable Energy</em> 181 (2022): 1258-1275.</p>
Figure 13 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 13. Choctawites kentuckiensis (Miller, 1889). (a) Cross section of specimen 57a from Moorefield, Arkansas; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen MB.C.25470 from Moorefield, Arkansas; × 2.5. (c) Suture line of specimen MB.C.25471 from Moorefield, Arkansas, at 14.1 mm diameter, 10.2 mm ww, 6.6 mm wh; × 5.0. (d–f) Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (cross section (a) was produced by R. Kant; the original specimen is stored in the collections of the University of Iowa, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
Figure 12 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
Figure 9. Goniatites multiliratus Gordon, 1962 from the Figure 2 Ranch section, Sierra Diablo. Specimen NPL 68494 from bed 17 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 9. Goniatites multiliratus Gordon, 1962 from the Figure 2 Ranch section, Sierra Diablo. Specimen NPL 68494 from bed 17 (sample OOTXCU-25); × 2.0.
Figure 7 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 7. Girtyoceras meslerianum (Girty, 1909), conch cross sections and ontogenetic trajectories of material from the Caney Shale of Jackfork Creek near Ada, Oklahoma (a–d). (a) Specimen MB.C.25466; × 2.5. (b) Specimen MB.C.25467; × 2.5. (c) Specimen MB.C.25468; × 2.5. (d) Specimen MB.C.25469; × 2.5. (e–g), ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of the sectioned specimens and type material.
Figure 6 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 6. Girtyoceras meslerianum (Girty, 1909) from the Figure 2 Ranch section, Sierra Diablo. Specimen NPL 68364 from bed 17 (sample 00TXCU-25); × 4.0.
Figure 16 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 16. Suture lines of representatives of Pachylyroceras from localities in Utah, Nevada, and Texas; all × 6.0. (a) Pachylyroceras utahensis (Miller et al., 1952), specimen NPL 68561 from Skunk Spring, Utah, at 11.6 mm diameter, 8.3 mm ww, 5.6 mm wh. (b) Pachylyroceras utahensis (Miller et al., 1952), specimen MB.C.25472 from Hamilton Canyon, Nevada, at 9.3 mm ww, 6.1 mm wh. (c) Pachylyroceras cloudi (Miller and Youngquist, 1948), specimen NPL 68542 from bed 25 of the Figure 2 Ranch, Texas, at 13.2 mm ww, 8.0 mm wh.
Figure 5 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 5. Girtyoceras hamiltonense Korn and Titus, 2011 from the Figure 2 Ranch section, Sierra Diablo. Specimen NPL 68361 from bed 9 (sample 00TXCU-21b); × 2.5.
Figure 4 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 4. Descriptive terms for the conch morphology and suture lines of the ammonoids described here.
Figure 3 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 3. Global correlation chart for upper Viséan and lowest Serpukhovian ammonoid zones; after Ruzhencev and Bogoslovskaya (1971), Korn and Horn (1996), Korn et al. (2007), Korn and Kaufmann (2009) and Korn and Titus (2011).
Figure 11 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 11. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU-27) of the Figure 2 Ranch section; both × 2.5. (a) Specimen NPL 68497. (b) Specimen NPL 68498.
Figure 8 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 8. Goniatites eganensis Korn and Titus, 2011 from the Figure 2 Ranch section, Sierra Diablo. (a) Specimen NPL 68431 from bed 9 (sample OOTXCU-21b); × 1.0. (b) Specimen NPL 68471 from bed 9 (sample OOTXCU-21b); × 1.25. (c) Specimen NPL 68493 from bed 11 (sample OOTXCU-22); × 1.75. (d) Specimen NPL 68389 from bed 9 (sample OOTXCU-21a); × 2.5.
Figure 2 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 2. Columnar King's section on the Figure 2 Ranch, Sierra Diablo, Texas, with the position of fossil samples and proposed biostratigraphic attribution.
Figure 1 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 1. Reference map showing location of the Figure 2 Ranch King section, Sierra Diablo, Culberson County, Texas.
Figure 14 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 14. Choctawites choctawensis (Shumard, 1863). (a) Cross section of topotype USNM 119504 from Brushy Creek, Oklahoma; × 2.5 (from Gordon, 1965). (b) Cross section of specimen 71 from Ada, Oklahoma; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26-1 from San Saba; × 2.5. (d–f), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and whorl expansion rate (WER) of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (b) and (c) from Ada and San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens is stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
Figure 15 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 15. Pachylyroceras cloudi (Miller and Youngquist, 1948) from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU-27) of the Figure 2 Ranch section; both × 2.5. (a) Specimen NPL 68540. (b) Specimen NPL 68541.
Figure 10 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA
Figure 10. Cladogram of selected genera, represented by well-known species, of the superfamily Goniatitaceae.
FIGURE 2 in Southern Africa's Great Escarpment as an amphitheater of climate-driven diversification and a buffer against future climate change in bats
FIGURE 2 Distributions (left), maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees (middle), principal component analysis (PCA) ordination plots from cranial measurements, photographs or drawings of the baculum and sonograms of echolocation calls (right) of selected groups of paramontane southern African bats having ranges categorized as arid (red symbols), Mediterranean (turquoise symbols), temperate-montane (blue), savanna-montane (orange), and tropical rain forest (green; see Table S1 for classification): horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus) of the R. capensis (a), R. darlingi (b), R. ferrumequinum (c), R. fumigatus (d) groups, wing-gland bats (Family Cistugidae, genus Cistugo (e), and long-eared serotine bats of the genus Laephotis (f)). Distribution maps were based on IUCN Redlist maps (open polygons), correctly identified vouchers from molecular studies (colored symbols; this study; GenBank; Curran et al., 2022; Demos et al., 2019; Dool et al., 2016; Taylor et al., 2018) and skulls measured in this study (crosses). In a few cases (see legends), GBIF records were indicated for the Angolan range of species. Gray shading indicates elevations over 1200 m a.s.l. Phylogenetic trees are shown for sub-clades (i.e., excluding outgroups) of three separate ML analyses undertaken with IQTREE of Rhinolophus, Cistugo, and Laephotis (Figures S2–S4). Values above nodes (in bold) represent median dates obtained for corresponding nodes from separate BEAST analyses in Figures S5–S7 (see text for details). Node support values for ML trees, obtained by the IQTREE program, are given below the nodes for SH-like approximate likelihood ratio tests (SH-aLRT), aBayes posterior probabilities, and ultra-fast bootstrap values (UFBS) respectively (see text for details). Tip labels marked in bold represent new sequences from this study. Underlined tip labels represent two instances of mtDNA introgression where morphologically distinct taxa from different biomes have near-identical cyt-b sequences. Species ranges of echolocation call peak frequencies were obtained from the literature for Rhinolophidae (Adams & Kwiecinski, 2018; Curran et al., 2022; Jacobs et al., 2013; Jacobs et al., 2017; Laverty & Berger, 2020; Monadjem et al., 2020; Mutumi et al., 2016; Odendaal & Jacobs, 2011; Odendaal et al., 2014; Schoeman & Jacobs, 2008), Cistugo (Monadjem et al., 2020; Schoeman & Jacobs, 2003, 2008), and long-eared Laephotis (Adams & Kwiecinski, 2018; Jacobs et al., 2005; Monadjem et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2011). Bacula photographs and drawings were obtained from this study as well as Benda and Vallo (2012), Taylor et al. (2018), Curran et al. (2022). Abbreviation of South African province names: EC, Eastern Cape; FS, Free State; GP, Gauteng; KZN, KwaZulu-Natal; LP, Limpopo; MP, Mpumalanga; NC, Northern Cape; WC, Western Cape. Map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries.
FIGURE 1 in Southern Africa's Great Escarpment as an amphitheater of climate-driven diversification and a buffer against future climate change in bats
FIGURE 1 Maps of southern, central, and eastern Africa showing (a) topographical features referred to in this study (see text for details), and (b) the extent of minimum monthly temperatures (bioclim6) <0°C from present and past (last glacial maximum [LGM]) models (from Worldclim; https://www.worldclim.com/; see Methods for more details). Gray or darker shading in both maps indicates mountains>1200 m in elevation. In (a), the acronym HEAN stands for the Highlands and Escarpments of Angola and Namibia (Mendelsohn et al., 2023); SEAMA stands for the South-East African Montane Archipelago (Bayliss et al., 2024); LMEE stands for the Limpopo–Mpumalanga– Eswatini Escarpment (Clark et al., 2022). The map in (b) shows distribution points of horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus (crosses), wing-gland bats, Cistugo (open triangles) and long-eared bats, Laephotis (open squares) based on morphological and molecular results from this study and from published a GenBank cyt-b sequences. In (b), minimum monthly temperatures <0°C indicated for the present (blue) and LGM (red), approximating the extent of frost (and hence temperate grasslands) currently and during the LGM (idea from Brain, 1985). Map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries.
FIGURE 3 in Southern Africa's Great Escarpment as an amphitheater of climate-driven diversification and a buffer against future climate change in bats
FIGURE 3 Map of southern, central, and eastern Africa showing major geographic features (as in Figure 1a) but with biogeographical barriers elucidated by this study indicated as red dashed lines, labelled as (i) to (vii) (see Discussion), and taxa specific to different ranges indicated according to the predominant biomes (green = tropical; red = arid, turquoise = Mediterranean, blue = temperate, orange = savanna). Note that only one savanna lineage is here indicated for ease of visualization. Map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries.
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