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18 results for “European wildcat”
Fig. 6 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 6. Median Joining haplotype network of the 18 S rRNA sequences (561 nucleotide positions) of Hepatozoon felis (A, B) and pie chart of the 18 S rRNA gene (572 nucleotide positions) of Hepatozoon silvestris (C, D) showing the geographical distribution (A, C) and the reported hosts (B, D). Circles represent haplotypes; numbers within the circles represent the number of individuals, if no number is shown, then only one individual is represented; labels next to circles specify organism name and representative GenBank accession numbers of the haplotypes, white circles represent intermediate nodes; bars on branches interconnecting haplotypes represent the number of substitutions; and asterisks mark haplotypes containing the individuals obtained in the present study.
Fig. 5 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 5. Median Joining haplotype network of the 16 S rRNA sequences (983 nucleotide positions) of Candidatus Mycoplasma haematominutum showing the geographical distribution (A) and the reported hosts (B). Circles represent haplotypes; numbers within the circles represent the number of individuals, if no number is shown, then only one individual is represented; labels next to circles specify representative GenBank accession numbers of the haplotypes, white circles represent intermediate nodes; bars on branches interconnecting haplotypes represent the number of substitutions; and asterisks mark haplotypes containing the individuals obtained in the present study.
Fig. 2 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 2. Geographic origin of the 96 European wildcats (Felis silvestris) from Germany included in this study. The gray area represents the geographic distribution of wildcats in Germany according to the National FFH Report 2019, plotted on the 10 × 10 km reference grid ETRS89-LAEA5210 EEA according to a compilation of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) and monitoring data of the federal states (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2020). Abbreviations: Brandenburg (BB), Bremen (B), Berlin (BR), Baden-Württemberg (BW), Bavaria (BY), Hamburg (H), Hesse (HE), Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (MWP), Lower Saxony (LS), North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Rhineland-Palatinate (RP), Schleswig-Holstein (SH), Saarland (S), Saxony (SN), Saxony-Anhalt (SA) and Thuringia (TH).
Fig. 1 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 1. Distribution of wildcat samples in total number of wildcats (y-axis) collected per year (x-axis).
Fig. 4 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 4. Co-infection scheme of detected pathogens, excluding M. ovis. Numbers represent counts of European wildcats (Felis silvestris) with respective pathogen (s) detected.
Fig. 3 in Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany
Fig. 3. Geographical distribution of uninfected (white dots) and infected European wildcats (Felis silvestris) from Germany according to detected pathogens. A: red dots represent detection of Cytauxzoon europaeus; B: red dots represent detection of Hepatozoon silvestris, green dots represent detection of Hepatozoon felis; C: red dots represent detection of Bartonella spp.; D: red dots represent detection of Candidatus Mycoplasma haematominutum; green dots represent detection of Mycoplasma ovis; blue lines represent major rivers; and black lines represent borders of federal states. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in First Molecular Detection of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B in a Free-Living European Wildcat (Felis s. silvestris) from Luxembourg
Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining distance analysis of the β-giardin nucleotide sequences. FS1 – sequence of partial β-giardin gene of the isolate from wildcat (KX685669). Reference human isolates: WB and KC8, (X85958 and AY072723); LD18, Nij5, VAN/90/UBC/44, GH- 202 (AY072727, AY072725, KP687755, AB618785); A101 and – cat isolate, (AY647264 and EU769206); P15 – reference cow isolate, (AY072729); A29 and A27 – reference dog isolates (AY545646 and AY545648). G. muris (AY258618) represents an outgroup.
Data from: Low rates of hybridization between European wildcats and domestic cats in a human-dominated landscape
Hybridization between wild species and their domestic congeners is considered a major concern for species conservation. Genetic integrity of the European wildcat, for instance, is of interest as the species is outnumbered by domestic cats by several orders of magnitude throughout its range. We genotyped 1071 individual wildcat samples obtained from hair traps and roadkills collected across the highly fragmented forests of western central Europe, in Germany and Luxembourg, to assess domestic cat introgression in wildcats in human-dominated landscapes. Analyses using a panel of 75 autosomal SNPs suggested a low hybridization rate, with 3.5 % of wildcat individuals being categorized as F1, F2 or backcrosses to either parental taxon. We report that SNP data appeared to be more consistent than our set of 14 microsatellite markers and that SNPs showed higher accuracy to detect hybrids and their class in simulation analyses and were less affected by underlying population structure. Our results strongly suggest that very high hybridization rates previously reported for central Europe may be partly due to inadequate choice of markers and/or sampling design. Our example documents that a carefully selected SNP panel for hybrid detection may be used as an alternative to commonly applied microsatellite markers, including studies relying on non-invasively collected samples. In addition, our finding of overall low hybridization rates in central European wildcats provides an example of successful wildlife coexistence in human-dominated, fragmented landscapes.
Data from: European wildcat populations are subdivided into five main biogeographic groups: consequences of Pleistocene climate changes or recent anthropogenic fragmentation?
Extant populations of the European wildcat are fragmented across the continent, the likely consequence of recent extirpations due to habitat loss and over-hunting. However, their underlying phylogeographic history has never been reconstructed. For testing the hypothesis that the European wildcat survived the Ice Age fragmented in Mediterranean refuges, we assayed the genetic variation at 31 microsatellites in 668 presumptive European wildcats sampled in 15 European countries. Moreover, to evaluate the extent of subspecies/population divergence and identify eventual wild × domestic cat hybrids, we genotyped 26 African wildcats from Sardinia and North Africa and 294 random-bred domestic cats. Results of multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering confirmed that the European wild and the domestic cats (plus the African wildcats) belong to two well-differentiated clusters (average ФST = 0.159, rst = 0.392, P > 0.001; Analysis of molecular variance [AMOVA]). We identified from c. 5% to 10% cryptic hybrids in southern and central European populations. In contrast, wild-living cats in Hungary and Scotland showed deep signatures of genetic admixture and introgression with domestic cats. The European wildcats are subdivided into five main genetic clusters (average ФST = 0.103, rst = 0.143, P > 0.001; AMOVA) corresponding to five biogeographic groups, respectively, distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, central Europe, central Germany, Italian Peninsula and the island of Sicily, and in north-eastern Italy and northern Balkan regions (Dinaric Alps). Approximate Bayesian Computation simulations supported late Pleistocene–early Holocene population splittings (from c. 60 k to 10 k years ago), contemporary to the last Ice Age climatic changes. These results provide evidences for wildcat Mediterranean refuges in southwestern Europe, but the evolution history of eastern wildcat populations remains to be clarified. Historical genetic subdivisions suggest conservation strategies aimed at enhancing gene flow through the restoration of ecological corridors within each biogeographic units. Concomitantly, the risk of hybridization with free-ranging domestic cats along corridor edges should be carefully monitored.
Data from: Towards a genome-wide approach for detecting hybrids: informative SNPs to detect introgression between domestic cats and European wildcats (Felis silvestris)
Endemic gene pools have been severely endangered by human-mediated hybridization, which is posing new challenges in the conservation of several vertebrate species. The endangered European wildcat is an example of this problem, as several natural populations are suffering introgression of genes from the domestic cat. The implementation of molecular methods for detecting hybridization is crucial for supporting appropriate conservation programs on the wildcat. In this study, genetic variation at 158 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was analyzed in 139 domestic cats, 130 putative European wildcats and 5 captive-bred hybrids (N=274). These SNPs were variable both in wild (HE=0.107) and domestic cats (HE=0.340). Although we did not find any SNP that was private in any population, 22 SNPs were monomorphic in wildcats and pairwise FCT values revealed marked differences between domestic and wildcats, with the most divergent 35 loci providing an average FCT>0.74. The power of all the loci to accurately identify admixture events and discriminate the different hybrid categories was evaluated. Results from simulated and real genotypes show that the 158 SNPs provide successful estimates of admixture, with 100% hybrid individuals (two to three generations in the past) being correctly identified in STRUCTURE and over 92% using the NEWHYBRIDS' algorithm. None of the unclassified cats were wrongly allocated to another hybrid class. Thirty-five SNPs, showing the highest FCT values, provided the most parsimonious panel for robust inferences of parental and first generations of admixed ancestries. This approach may be used to further reconstruct the evolution of wildcat populations and, hopefully, to develop sound conservation guidelines for its legal protection in Europe.
Data from: Females know better: sex-biased habitat selection by the European wildcat
The interactions between animals and their environment vary across species, regions, but also with gender. Sex‐specific relations between individuals and the ecosystem may entail different behavioral choices and be expressed through different patterns of habitat use. Regardless, only rarely sex‐specific traits are addressed in ecological modeling approaches. The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) is a species of conservation concern in Europe, with a highly fragmented and declining distribution across most of its range. We assessed sex‐specific habitat selection patterns for the European wildcat, at the landscape and home range levels, across its Iberian biogeographic distribution using a multipopulation approach. We developed resource selection functions in a use‐availability framework using radio‐telemetry data from five wildcat populations. At the landscape level, we observed that, while both genders preferentially established home ranges in areas close to broadleaf forests and far from humanized areas, females selected mid‐range elevation areas with some topographic complexity, whereas males used lowland areas. At the home range level, both females and males selected areas dominated by scrublands or broadleaf forests, but habitat features were less important at this level. The strength of association to habitat features was higher for females at both spatial levels, suggesting a tendency to select habitats with higher quality that can grant them enhanced access to shelter and feeding resources. Based on our results, we hypothesize that sex‐biased behavioral patterns may contribute to the resilience of wildcats' genetic integrity through influencing the directionality of hybridization with domestic cats. Our study provides information about European wildcats' habitat use in an Iberian context, relevant for the implementation of conservation plans, and highlights the ecological relevance of considering sex‐related differences in environmental preferences.
Data from: Towards a genome-wide approach for detecting hybrids: informative SNPs to detect introgression between domestic cats and European wildcats (Felis silvestris)
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Data from: Females know better: sex-biased habitat selection by the European wildcat
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Data from: Low rates of hybridization between European wildcats and domestic cats in a human-dominated landscape
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Data from: European wildcat populations are subdivided into five main biogeographic groups: consequences of Pleistocene climate changes or recent anthropogenic fragmentation?
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Data from: Informing conservation strategies with museum genomics: Long-term effects of past anthropogenic persecution on the elusive European wildcat
<p>Like many carnivore species, European wildcats (<em>Felis silvestris</em>) have suffered severe anthropogenic population declines in the past, resulting in a strong population bottleneck in the beginning of the 20th century. In Germany, the species has managed to survive its near-extinction in small isolated areas and is currently recolonizing former habitats owing to legal protection and concerted conservation efforts. Here, we SNP genotyped and mtDNA sequenced 56 historical and 650 contemporary samples to assess the impact of massive persecution on genetic diversity, population structure and hybridization dynamics of wildcats. Spatiotemporal analyses suggest that the presumed postglacial differentiation between two genetically distinct metapopulations in Germany is in fact the result of the anthropogenic bottleneck followed by re-expansion from few secluded refugia. We found that, despite the bottleneck, populations experienced no severe genetic erosion, nor suffered from elevated inbreeding or showed signs of increased hybridization with domestic cats. Our findings have significant implications for current wildcat conservation strategies, as the data analyses show that the two presently recognized wildcat population clusters should be treated as a single conservation unit. Although current populations appear under no imminent threat from genetic factors, fostering connectivity through the implementation of forest corridors will facilitate the preservation of genetic diversity and promote long-term viability. The present study documents how museum collections can be used as essential resource for assessing long-term anthropogenic effects on natural populations, e.g., regarding population structure and the delineation of appropriate conservation units, potentially informing todays' species conservation.</p>
Data from: Development of SNP markers identifying European wildcats, domestic cats, and their admixed progeny
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Data from: Informing conservation strategies with museum genomics: Long-term effects of past anthropogenic persecution on the elusive European wildcat
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