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24 results for “Evaporative water loss”
Time changes everything: A multispecies analyses of temporal patterns in evaporative water loss - data
<p>The dataset was analysed in the manuscript “Žagar A., Carretero, M.A., de Groot M. (accepted) Time changes everything: A multispecies analyses of temporal patterns in evaporative water loss. Oecologia”</p> <p>The dataset consisted out of water loss by 23 populations of lizards from 16 different species and three families which was compiled from several different studies. All studies used the same standardized protocols. During the experiment every hour for 12 hours, the body weight of the lizard was measured (in total 13 measurements per lizard). The species name (SP), the snout-vent length of the animal (SVL, in millimetres), altitude (m a.s.l.), sampling location (site name, latitude and longitude), weight (in grams), sex (M=male, F=female), code of the individual lizard (CODE), date of experiment (DATE_H) and the reference of the study were noted down (full references are available in the manuscript). Per column the instantaneous water loss values (EWLi) were recorded per hour measured. First hour was EWLi8, second hour was EWLi9, etc. The EWLi was calculated by the weight minus the weight in the next hour divided by the weight multiplied by 100 ((W<sub>n</sub> – W<sub>n+1 </sub>/ W<sub>n</sub>) × 100).</p>
Hydration and evaporative water loss of lizards change in response to temperature and humidity acclimation
<p>Data and code associated with the 2023 publication in the Journal of Experimental Biology (doi:10.1242/jeb.246459).</p>
Cutaneous Evaporative Water Loss in Lizards is Variable across Body Regions and Plastic in Response to Humidity
<p>Data and code associated with the 2022 publication in Herpetologica (doi:10.1655/Herpetologica-D-21-00030.1).</p>
Data from: Water availability and temperature as modifiers of evaporative water loss in tropical frogs
<p>Water plays a notable role in the ecology of most terrestrial organisms due to the risks associated with water loss. Specifically, water loss in terrestrial animals happens through evaporation across respiratory tissues or epidermis. Amphibians are ideal systems for studying how abiotic factors impact water loss since their bodies often respond quickly to environmental changes. While the effect of temperature on water loss is well known across many taxa, we are still learning how temperature in combination with humidity or water availability affects water loss. Here, we tested how standing water sources (availability) and temperature (26 and 36°C) together affect water loss in anuran amphibians using a Bayesian framework. We also present a conceptual model for considering how water availability and temperature may interact, resulting in body mass changes. After accounting for phylogenetic and time autocorrelation, we determined how different variables (water loss and uptake rates, temperature, and body size) affect body mass in three species of tropical frogs (<em>Rhinella marina</em>, <em>Phyllobates terribilis</em>, and <em>Xenopus tropicalis</em>). We found that all variables impacted body mass changes with greater similarities between <em>P. terribilis</em> and <em>X.</em> <em>tropicalis</em>, but only temperature showed a notable effect in <em>P. terribilis</em>. Furthermore, we describe how the behavior of <em>P. terribilis</em> might affect its water budget. This study shows how organisms might manage water budgets across different environments and is important for developing our models of evaporative water loss and species distributions.</p>
Flexibility of cutaneous evaporative water loss in response to hydration in pregnant Prairie Rattlesnakes and their neonates
<p>Data and code associated with the paper published in the Journal of Experimental Biology in 2025.</p>
Data from: Snake oil in action: Geographic and seasonal variability in epidermal lipids shape evaporative water loss in snakes
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Data from: Water availability and temperature as modifiers of evaporative water loss in tropical frogs
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Ontogeny, phylogeny, and mechanisms of adaptive changes in evaporative water loss in geckos
<p>Body-size dependence of metabolic rate, body surface and scale morphology complicate disentangling the contribution of these characteristics to adaptive changes in total evaporative water loss (TEWL) of reptiles. To separate adaptive changes from size-related dependence, we compared intra- and interspecific scaling of several candidate traits in eyelid geckos (Eublepharidae), a group exhibiting large variation in body size and TEWL. The intraspecific allometry of TEWL of an eublepharid species fits the geometric surface-mass relationship. However, evolutionary shifts to both higher and lower evaporation were strongly correlated with habitat aridity and cannot be explained by shifts in body size alone. The intraspecific allometry of standard metabolic rate is nearly the same as the interspecific allometry. Unlike for mammals and birds, this pattern rules out respiratory water loss as a driver of the adaptive changes in TEWL among eublepharids. Scale morphology was independent of TEWL variation as well, but the correlation between cutaneous water loss and TEWL suggests a crucial role of skin permeability in adaptation to habitat aridity. Our analyses demonstrate how powerful a comparison of intra- and interspecific allometries can be for detecting body size-dependent mechanisms of adaptive changes in ecophysiological traits correlated with body size.</p>
An emerging fungal pathogen is associated with increased resting metabolic rate and total evaporative water loss rate in a winter‐active snake
<p>1. Energy allocation tradeoffs associated with mounting metabolically costly immune responses may serve as sublethal mechanisms by which pathogens reduce host fitness. The emergence of cutaneous fungal pathogens, which invade the skin of their host and have the potential to disturb energy and water balance, highlight the importance of host physiology in determining individual- and population-level effects of disease.</p> <p>2. Snake fungal disease (SFD, ophidiomycosis), caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</i> (<i>Oo</i>), is an emerging disease afflicting wild snake populations throughout eastern North America. Emaciation and dehydration are phenotypic correlates of SFD, but it is unknown if such declines in host condition occur via effects of <i>Oo</i> infection on host physiology (i.e., increased rates of metabolism and evaporative water loss, respectively).</p> <p>3. We used flow-through respirometry to assess the energetic and hydric consequences of natural <i>Oo</i> infection in winter-active pygmy rattlesnakes (<i>Sistrurus miliarius</i>). We measured resting metabolic rate (CO<sub>2</sub> production rate) and total evaporative water loss rate of winter-acclimatized <i>S. miliarius</i> as a function of SFD status and acute temperature (17, 25, and 32°C). We also used regression models characterizing individual variation in the thermal-sensitivity of resting metabolic rate to predict the theoretical effects of behavioral fever on daily resting CO<sub>2</sub> production by free-ranging <i>S. miliarius</i> with SFD in winter.</p> <p>4. Natural infection by <i>Oo</i> was associated with significant increases in resting metabolic rate (30–45%) and total evaporative water loss rate (30–40%) across all measurement temperatures. Under simulated scenarios of behavioral fever, <i>Oo</i> infection was predicted to increase daily resting CO<sub>2</sub> production rate by 58–102%.</p> <p>5. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the immune response to <i>Oo</i> infection is energetically costly and may contribute to declining host condition. Our modeling efforts combining the cumulative effects of increased immune activity and increased body temperature on metabolism represent a novel approach to quantifying the total daily energetic cost of infection in ectothermic vertebrates undergoing behavioral fever.</p>
Ontogeny, phylogeny, and mechanisms of adaptive changes in evaporative water loss in geckos
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Data from: Evolutionary shifts in habitat aridity predict evaporative water loss across squamate reptiles
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An emerging fungal pathogen is associated with increased resting metabolic rate and total evaporative water loss rate in a winter‐active snake
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Body temperature, evaporative water loss and resting metabolic rate data for 12 southern African arid-zone passerines
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Data from: The environmental determinants of total evaporative water loss in birds at multiple temperatures
<p>Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 172 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL was dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a trade-off between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.</p>
Incorporating evaporative water loss into bioenergetic models of hibernation to test for relative influence of host and pathogen traits on white-nose syndrome
<p class="Paragraph">Hibernation consists of extended durations of torpor interrupted by periodic arousals. The 'dehydration hypothesis' proposes that hibernating mammals arouse to replenish water lost through evaporation during torpor. Arousals are energetically expensive, and increased arousal frequency can alter survival throughout hibernation. Yet we lack a means to assess the effect of evaporative water loss (EWL), determined by animal physiology and hibernation microclimate, on torpor bout duration and subsequent survival. White-nose syndrome (WNS), a devastating disease impacting hibernating bats, causes increased frequency of arousals during hibernation and EWL has been hypothesized to contribute to this increased arousal frequency. WNS is caused by a fungus, which grows well in humid hibernaculum environments and damages wing tissue important for water conservation. Here, we integrated the effect of EWL on torpor expression in a hibernation energetics model, including the effects of fungal infection, to determine the link between EWL and survival. We collected field data for <i>Myotis lucifugus, </i>a species that experiences high mortality from WNS, to gather parameters for the model. In saturating conditions, we predicted healthy bats experience minimal mortality. Infected bats, however, suffer high fungal growth in highly saturated environments, leading to exhaustion of fat stores before spring. Our results suggest that host adaptation to humid environments leads to increased arousal frequency from infection, which drives mortality across hibernaculum conditions. Our modified hibernation model provides a tool to assess the interplay between host physiology, hibernaculum microclimate, and diseases such as WNS on winter survival.</p>
Interspecific variation in evaporative water loss and temperature response, but not metabolic rate, among hibernating bats
<p>Hibernation is widespread among mammals in a variety of environmental contexts. However, few experimental studies consider interspecific comparisons, and for many unstudied (or understudied) species we must assume the underlying physiology of hibernation is comparable to the relatively few species that have been studied in detail. Studies of interspecific variation provide insight into general patterns of hibernation strategies. We studied 13 species of free-living bats, including populations spread over thousands of kilometers and diverse habitats. We measured torpid metabolic rate and evaporative water loss (two key parameters for understanding hibernation energetics) across a range of temperatures. Response to ambient temperature varied among species, but all species achieved similar minimum torpid metabolic rate. Conversely, evaporative water loss varied among species and our results suggest two general hibernation strategies in North American bats, representing high and low evaporative water loss groups. Notably, species that have suffered population declines due to white-nose syndrome fall in the high evaporative water loss group and less affected species in the low evaporative water loss group. Documenting general patterns of physiological diversity, and associated ecological implications, contributes to broader understanding of biodiversity, and may help predict which species are at greater risk of environmental and anthropogenic stressors.</p>
Urban rooftop-nesting Common Nighthawk chicks tolerate high temperatures by hyperthermia with relatively low rates of evaporative water loss
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Heat tolerance for many birds under climate and land use change scenarios could be compromised in the future. Common Nighthawks (</span><span><i>Chordeiles minor</i></span><span>) belong to the Caprimulgiformes, a generally heat-tolerant order, but few studies have assessed heat tolerance in Caprimulgiform chicks, which might be particularly susceptible to heat stress. In the Midwestern U.S., nighthawks primarily nest on flat graveled rooftops in urban areas, as natural nesting habitats are limited. Urban rooftop-nesting nighthawks are likely exposed to higher environmental temperatures than birds nesting at more thermally buffered natural sites and evaporative cooling might be impeded by the typically high summer humidity in their Midwest breeding range. This combination of heat and humidity might negatively impact heat tolerance of nighthawk chicks. We exposed </span>7 to 14 day-old <span>nighthawk chicks (n = 15) from rooftop nests to ambient temperatures up to 51</span>° C <span>at typical summer dew points. </span>Chicks initiated gular flutter at a mean air temperature of 42.4 ± 3.4 (SE) °C. <span>Evaporative water loss (EWL) rates increased significantly with increasing temperature above </span>44.0 ± 1.5 (SE) °C. Chicks showed little evidence of lower and upper bounds of the thermal neutral zone over the range of temperatures (30-44 °C) for which we measured oxygen consumption. Body mass loss was significantly positively correlated with temperature during heat exposure trials. Chicks tolerated ambient temperatures up to 51 °C and body temperatures up to 48 °C, which, along with the high temperatures at which gular flutter and high rates of EWL were initiated, suggest that nighthawk chicks are tolerant of high air temperatures, even with relatively high humidity. Given the high rates of mass loss and high body temperatures at hot air temperatures, chick heat tolerance mechanisms could be detrimental for rooftop-nesting nighthawks given projected increasing trends for both heat and humidity in the Midwestern U.S.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Empirical estimation of skin resistance to water loss in amphibians: agar evaluation as a non-resistance model to evaporation
<p>Total resistance (R<sub>T</sub>) to evaporative water loss (EWL) in amphibians is given by the sum of the boundary layer (<em>r</em><sub>b</sub>) and the skin resistance (<em>r</em><sub>s</sub>). Thus, <em>r</em><sub>s</sub> can be determined if the <em>r</em><sub>b</sub> component is defined (<em>r</em><sub>s</sub> = R<sub>T</sub> - <em>r</em><sub>b</sub>). The use of agar models has become the standard technique to estimate <em>r</em><sub>b</sub> under the assumption that agar surface imposes no barrier to evaporation (<em>r<sub>s</sub></em> = 0). We evaluated this assumption by determining EWL rates and <em>r</em><sub>b</sub> values from exposed surfaces of free water, a physiological solution mimicking the osmotic properties of a generalized amphibian, and agar gels prepared at various concentrations either using water or physiological solution as diluent. Water evaporation was affected by both, the presence of solutes and agar concentration. Models prepared with agar at 5% concentration in water provided the most practical and appropriate proxy for the estimation of <em>r</em><sub>b</sub>.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Body temperature, evaporative water loss and resting metabolic rate data for six southern African bats
<p><span>1. The microsites that animals occupy during the rest phase of their circadian activity cycle influence their physiology and behaviour, but relatively few studies have examined correlations between interspecific variation in thermal physiology and roost microclimate. Among bats, there is some evidence</span> that species exposed to high roost temperatures (<i>T<sub>roost</sub></i>) possess greater heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity, but<span> the small number of species for which both thermal physiology and roost microclimate data exist mean that the generality of this pattern remains unclear. </span></p> <p>2. Here, we test the hypothesis that bat heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity have co-evolved with roost preferences. We predicted that species occupying roosts poorly buffered from high outside environmental temperature exhibit higher heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity compared to species inhabiting buffered roosts in which <i>T<sub>roost</sub></i> remains well below outside conditions.</p> <p>3. We used flow-through respirometry to investigate thermoregulation at air temperatures (<i>T</i><sub>a</sub>) approaching and exceeding normothermic body temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) among six <span>species with broadly similar body mass but differing in roost microclimate (hot <i>versus</i> cool roosts). We combined these data with empirical measurements of <i>T</i><sub>roost</sub> for each study population.</span></p> <p>4. Hot-roosting species tolerated <i>T</i><sub>a</sub> ~4 °C higher than cool-roosting bats before the onset of loss of coordinated locomotion and non-regulated hyperthermia. The evaporative scope [i.e., ratio of maximum evaporative water loss (EWL) to minimum thermoneutral EWL] of hot-roosting species (<span><span>16.1 </span></span>± 2.4) was substantially higher than that of cool-roosting species (<span><span>5.9 </span></span>± 2.4). Maximum evaporative cooling capacities (i.e., evaporative heat loss / metabolic heat production) of <span><span>hot-roosting species were > 2, while the corresponding values for cool-roosting species were ≤1. </span></span></p> <p>5. The greater heat tolerance and higher evaporative cooling capacity of hot-roosting species compared with those occupying cooler roosts reveal variation in bat evaporative cooling capacity correlated with roost microclimate, supporting the hypothesis that thermal physiology has co-evolved with roost preference.</p>
Interspecific variation in evaporative water loss and temperature response, but not metabolic rate, among hibernating bats
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