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opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Developmental temperature, more than long-term evolution, defines thermal tolerance in an Estuarine Copepod

Climate change is resulting in increasing ocean temperatures and salinity variability, particularly in estuarine environments. Tolerance of temperature and salinity change interact and thus may impact organismal resilience. Populations can respond to multiple stressors in the short-term (i.e., plasticity) or over longer timescales (i.e., adaptation). However, little is known about the short- or long-term effects of elevated temperature on the tolerance of acute temperature and salinity changes. Here we characterized the response of the near-shore and estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa, to temperature and salinity stress. Copepods originated from one of two sets of replicated >40 generation-old temperature adapted lines: Ambient (AM, 18°C) and ocean warming (OW, 22°C). Copepods from these lines were subjected to one and three generations at the reciprocal temperature. Copepods from all treatments were then assessed for differences in acute temperature and salinity tolerance. Development (one generation), three generations, and >40 generations of warming increased thermal tolerance compared to Ambient conditions, with development in OW resulting in equal thermal tolerance to three and >40 generations of OW. Strikingly, developmental OW and >40 generations of OW had no effect on low salinity tolerance relative to Ambient. By contrast, when environmental salinity was reduced first, copepods had lower thermal tolerances. These results highlight a critical role for plasticity in the copepod climate response and suggest that salinity variability may reduce copepod tolerance to subsequent warming.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Supplementary files for, 'Developmental morphology and anatomy shed light on both parallel and convergent evolution of the umbellate inflorescence in Monocots, underlied by a new variant of metatopy.'

Supplementary file for forth coming manuscript. Consists of Pre-processed microscopy images, FiJI readable annotated stacks and raw laser ablation tomography video data   File name:  MainFigures.zip  File format: .zip, individual images in .bmp format. Description of data: Picolay output of main figure panels.   File name:  Supplementary_File_1 File format: .MOV (video) Description of data: Movie 1 LAT scan of Butomus umbellatus   File name:  Supplementary_File_2 File format: .AVI (video) Description of data: Three-dimensional reconstruction of Butomus umbellatus inflorescence   File name:  Supplementary_File_3 File format: .MOV (video) Description of data: Movie 3 Three-dimensional reconstruction of Butomus umbellatus vasculature   File name:  Supplementary_File_4 File format: .TIFF (Can be opened in FIJI) Description of data: Butomus umbellatus vasculature composite tiff file   File name:  Supplementary_File_5 File format: .MOV (video) Description of data: LAT scan of Ornithogalum umbellatum   File name:  Supplementary_File_6 File format: .TIFF (Can be opened in FIJI) Description of data: Ornithogalum umbellatum vasculature tiff file (Can be opened in FIJI)   File name: Supplementary_File_7 File format: .MOV (video) Description of data: LAT scan of Allium hollandicum inflorescence

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Host developmental stages shape the evolution of a plant RNA virus

Datasets used in the generation of figures 1 and 2 of: Melero, I., González, R., Elena, S.F. 2022. Host developmental stages shape the evolution of a plant RNA Virus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B doi: 10.1098/rtsb.2022.0005

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Developmental bias in the evolution and plasticity of beetle horn shape

The degree to which developmental systems bias the phenotypic effects of environmental and genetic variation, and how these biases affect evolution, is subject to much debate. Here, we assess whether developmental variability in horn shape aligns with the phenotypic effects of plasticity and evolutionary divergence, yielding three salient results. First, we find that most pathways previously shown to regulate horn length also affect shape. Second, we find that the phenotypic effects of manipulating divergent developmental pathways are correlated with each other as well as multivariate fluctuating asymmetry – a measure of developmental variability. Third, these effects further aligned with thermal plasticity, population differences, and macroevolutionary divergence between sister taxa and more distantly related species. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that changes in horn shape —whether brought about by environmentally plastic responses, functional manipulations, or evolutionary divergences— converge along 'developmental lines of least resistance', i.e., are biased by the developmental system underpinning horn shape.

Figure 1 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types

Figure 1. Map of the lower Gulf of Maine with the distribution of Dendronotus frondosus and Dendronotus sp. from subtidal and intertidal habitats near the coasts of Maine (ME) and New Hampshire (NH), USA and New Brunswick (NB) and Nova Scotia (NS), Canada. See Table I to reference site numbers and Cartesian coordinates. Sites for seasonal monitoring of hydroid and nudibranch abundance include York (2), West Quoddy Head (12) and Eastport (13), Maine.

Figure 5 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types

Figure 5. Summary of the larval dispersal potential of Dendronotus frondosus and Dendronotus sp. in laboratory cultures at 10°C (Sisson 2002b, 2004). The ''egg-to-juvenile'' period lasts from spawn deposition through larval settlement and metamorphosis.

Figure 3 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types

Figure 3. Abundance of spawn masses deposited by Dendronotus spp. at: (a) York, Maine, (b) Eastport, Maine and (c) the intertidal site at West Quoddy Head, Lubec, Maine.

Figure 4 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types

Figure 4. Weekly mean (¡SD), minimum and maximum water temperature (in °C) at the subtidal sampling sites in York and Eastport, Maine.

opencc-by-4.0May 2010View details →

Figure 3 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution

Figure 3. Relationship between egg weight and female body weight in extant birds. (A) Graph to discriminate between altricial [n = 96; filled circles; r2 = 0.906, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.659394 + 0.7889097.bodymass], and precocial [n = 113; open circles] (including super precocial [n = 29; grey triangles]; r2 = 0.801, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.164615 + 0.6451872.bodymass) taxa. Both of these results have significantly higher r2 values than those found for 100 bootstrap replicates that paired body and egg mass at random. (B) Bar chart showing that the three broad developmental modes seen in Neornithes are characterized by significantly different egg/female body mass relationships. Discrimination among all three groups is borne out by averaged data (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.005). Abbreviations: A, altricial; P, Precocial; SP, super precocial.

opencc-by-4.0May 2010View details →

Figure 2 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution

Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships amongst modern birds (Neornithes) showing altricial

opencc-by-4.0May 2010View details →

Figure 4 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution

Figure 4. Relationship between femur length (approximates body mass) and egg mass in extant and fossil birds (n = 117; r2 = 0.758, p <0.001). These data show that both Confuciusornis (cartoon, open circle) and the similarly-sized Buttonquail (Turnix) (grey triangle) lay relatively small eggs compared to their body size (Appendix).

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants

Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.