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Figure 17. A–G in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 17. A–G, Operculinoides soldadensis Vaughan & Cole; A, Loma El Santo, CA-215-871; B, Loma Candelaria, 98LC-1-669; C– F, Norona; C, NOR-UN 24; D–F, NOR-UN 15/14; G, holotype, Trinidad. H, I, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis (Nutall); H, Loma Candelaria, 98LC-1ICT3; I, holotype of Operculinoides kugleri Vaughan & Cole, Trinidad. J, Operculinoides ocalanus (Cushman), Loma Jabaco, CA-4-724. A–D, G–J, A forms in equatorial section; E, A form in axial section; F, external view.
Figure 18. A, B, D–H in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 18. A, B, D–H, Heterostegina ocalana Cushman; A, Loma Viǵıa, CA-216-D1a; B, Norona, NOR-UN 15/14; D, Loma Viǵıa, CA-216-79; E, F, Loma Jabaco; E, LM-52-756; F, LM-52-752; G, H, Norona, NOR-UN 24. C, Heterostegina cubana Cizancourt, Loma candelaria, 98LC-1H-809. I, Heterostegina sp. indet., Loma Candelaria, 98LC-1H-808. A, B, A forms in axial section; C–G, I, A forms in equatorial section; H, external view.
Figure 14 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 14. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Loma Viǵıa section, central Cuba.
Figure 12 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 12. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Loma El Santo section, central Cuba.
Figure 11 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 11. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Loma Candelaria section, western Cuba (modified from Torres-Silva et al. 2017).
Figure 15. Nummulites striatoreticulatus Rutten. A–C in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 15. Nummulites striatoreticulatus Rutten. A–C, Entronque de Herradura; A, 98LC-2-686; B, 98LC-2-687; C, 98LC-2-1a. D–F, Loma Candelaria; D, 98LC-1-660; E, 98LC-1-630; F, 98LC-1-806. G–K, La Esperanza; G, E-126-474; H, E-126-466; I, E-126-458; J, E-126-470, gaps in the septa between adjacent alar prolongations of the chambers; K, E-126-459; L, M, Loma El Santo; L, CA-215- 865; M, CA-215- 65. A, B, E, F, H, I, L and M are A forms in equatorial section; C, D, G and J are A forms in axial section.
Figure 13 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 13. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Norona section, western Cuba (modified from Torres-Silva et al. 2017).
Figure 10 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 10. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Entronque de Herradura section, western Cuba.
Figure 8 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 8. Palaeogeographical distribution of the Eocene nummulitid species found at the Cuban localities. Map adapted from Pindell (2009).
Figure 19 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 19. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. Orange arrows indicate possible source of morphological changes. A, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus at localities 98LC-2, 98LC-2 and E-126. B, discriminant analysis within Operculinoides floridensis at localities 98 LC-1, CA-215 and CA-216. C, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis at localities 98LC-1, CA-125 and NOR-UN.
Figure 7. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 7. A, schematic diagram showing the Eocene depositional environments in sections from western and central Cuba (modified from Cotton 2012). B, schematic diagram showing depth zonation of nummulitid species and larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) present in the Eocene section across the depositional gradient (modified from Beavington-Penney & Racey 2004).
Figure 4 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. A, discriminant analysis between Operculinoides and Palaeonummulites species; B, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus from different localities; C, discriminant analysis within O. floridensis from different localities; D, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis from different localities.
Figure 9 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 9. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Angelita Quarry section, western Cuba.
Figure 6 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 6. Stratigraphical ranges of the nummulitid species from the Cuban sections and their correlation with the standard planktonic zones. A, Pearson et al. (2006); B, Berggren et al. (1995); C, Martini (1971); D, Agnini et al. (2014).
Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; genera are separated by different shapes (squares = Operculinoides; polygons = Palaeonummulites; triangles = Heterostegina). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Heterostegina sp. indet. and Operculinoides. C, discriminant analysis of Heterostegina species and Operculinoides or Palaeonummulites species; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.
Figure 2 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 2. Measurements of characters in equatorial section. A, embryonic apparatus; B, marginal test spiral; C, chamber measurements; D, example individual, Operculinoides floridensis, specimen 98LC-1H-648.
Figure 1. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 1. A, schematic tectonic map of western and central Cuba (after Iturrlade-Vinent 1994), with locations of the stratigraphical sections and samples. B, stratigraphical relations of Eocene units in western and central Cuba, slightly modified from Garćıa-Delgado & Torres-Silva (1997); stratigraphical ranges of the studied sections: A, 98LC-2; B, 98LC-1; C, LM-52; D, NOR-UN; E, 98MT-1; F, E-126; G, CA-215.
Figure 3. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 3. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; colours accord with the results of the K-means cluster analysis. Numbers indicate the measured type material: 1, Nummulites stritoreticulatus, holotype; 2, N. macgillavry (from Butterlin 1981); 3, Operculinoides trinitatensis, holotype; 4, O. spiralis, holotype; 5. O. kugleri, holotype; 6, N. trinitatensis (from Butterlin 1961); 7, O. willcoxi (from Barker 1939); 8, O. willcoxi (from Cole 1941); 9, O. floridensis (from Frost & Langenheim 1974); 10, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 11, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 12, O. soldadensis (from Vaughan & Cole 1941); 13, O. suteri (from Caudri 1996); 14, N. floridensis (from Butterlin 1961). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Nummulites from 98LC-2 and Palaeonummulites from 98LC-1. C, discriminant analysis between the interpreted species: Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and Operculinoides soldadensis; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.
Figure 16 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends
Figure 16. Operculinoides floridensis (Heilprin). A–C, Loma Candelaria; A, 98LC-1-651; B, 98LC-1-667; C, 98LC-1-815. D, E, Loma Viǵıa; D, CA-216-F3-16; E, CA-216-D1a. F, Loma El Santo, CA-215-852. G, Loma Jabaco, LM-52-759. H, Angelita Quarry, 98MT-1. A–D, F and G are A forms in equatorial section; E and F are A forms in axial section.
New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction
<p>Giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> and abelisaurids are characterized by highly reduced forelimbs that stand in contrast to their huge dimensions, massive skulls, and obligate bipedalism. Another group that follows this pattern, yet is still poorly known, is the Carcharodontosauridae: dominant predators that inhabited most continents during the Early Cretaceous and reached their largest sizes in Aptian-Cenomanian times. Despite many discoveries over the last three decades, aspects of their anatomy, especially with regard to the skull, forearm, and feet, remain poorly known. Here we report a new carcharodontosaurid, <em>Meraxes gigas</em>, gen. et sp. nov., based on a specimen recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Huincul Formation of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Phylogenetic analysis places <em>Meraxes</em> among derived Carcharodontosauridae, in a clade with other massive South American species. <em>Meraxes</em> preserves novel anatomical information for derived carcharodontosaurids, including an almost complete forelimb that provides evidence for convergent allometric trends in forelimb reduction among three lineages of large-bodied, megapredatory non-avian theropods, including a remarkable degree of parallelism between the latest-diverging tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids. This trend, coupled with a likely lower bound on forelimb reduction, hypothesized to be about 0.4 forelimb/femur length, combined to produce this short-armed pattern in theropods. The almost complete cranium of <em>Meraxes</em> permits new estimates of skull length in <em>Giganotosaurus</em>, which is among the longest for theropods. <em>Meraxes</em> also provides further evidence that carchardontosaurids reached peak diversity shortly before their extinction with high rates of trait evolution in facial ornamentation possibly linked to a social signaling role.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.