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19 results for “Evolving Morphologies”
Data from: Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation
Body size plays a key role in the ecology and evolution of all organisms. Therefore, quantifying the sources of morphological (co)variation, dependent and independent of body size, is of key importance when trying to understand and predict responses to selection. We combine structural equation modeling with quantitative genetics analyses to study morphological (co)variation in a meta-population of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). As expected, we found evidence of a latent variable 'body size', causing genetic and environmental covariation between morphological traits. Estimates of conditional evolvability show that allometric relationships constrain the independent evolution of house sparrow morphology. We also found spatial differences in general body size and its allometric relationships. On islands where birds are more dispersive and mobile, individuals were smaller and had proportionally longer wings for their body size. While in islands where sparrows are more sedentary and nest in dense colonies, individuals were larger and had proportionally longer tarsi for their body size. We corroborated these results using simulations and show that our analyses produce unbiased allometric slope estimates. This study highlights that in the short term allometric relationships may constrain phenotypic evolution, but that in the long term selection pressures can also shape allometric relationships.
Olfactory receptor alignments for: Ecological constraints on highly evolvable olfactory receptor genes and morphology in neotropical bats
<p>While evolvability of genes and traits may promote specialization during species diversification, how ecology subsequently restricts such variation remains unclear. Chemosensation requires animals to decipher a complex chemical background to locate fitness-related resources, and thus the underlying genomic architecture and morphology must cope with constant exposure to a changing odorant landscape; detecting adaptation amidst extensive chemosensory diversity is an open challenge. In phyllostomid bats, an ecologically diverse clade that evolved plant-visiting from an insectivorous ancestor, the evolution of novel food detection mechanisms is suggested to be a key innovation, as plant-visiting species rely strongly on olfaction, supplementarily using echolocation. If this is true, exceptional variation in underlying olfactory genes and phenotypes may have preceded dietary diversification. We compared olfactory receptor (OR) genes sequenced from olfactory epithelium transcriptomes and olfactory epithelium surface area of bats with differing diets. Surprisingly, although OR evolution rates were quite variable and generally high, they are largely independent of diet. Olfactory epithelial surface area, however, is relatively larger in plant-visiting bats and there is an inverse relationship between OR evolution rates and surface area. Relatively larger surface areas suggest greater reliance on olfactory detection and stronger constraint on maintaining an already diverse OR repertoire. Instead of the typical case in which specialization and elaboration are coupled with rapid diversification of associated genes, here the relevant genes are already evolving so quickly that increased reliance on smell has led to stabilizing selection, presumably to maintain the ability to consistently discriminate among specific odorants — a potential ecological constraint on sensory evolution.</p>
Olfactory receptor alignments for: Ecological constraints on highly evolvable olfactory receptor genes and morphology in neotropical bats
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Data from: Moderate heritability and low evolvability of sperm morphology in a species with high risk of sperm competition, the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis
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Data from: Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation
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Phylogenomic analysis and morphological data suggest left-right swimming behavior evolved prior to the origin of the pelagic Phylliroidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
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Data from: Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)
Cases of convergent evolution, particularly within ecomorphological contexts, are instructive in identifying universally adaptive morphological features across clades. Tracing of evolutionary pathways by which ecomorphological convergence takes place can further reveal mechanisms of adaptation, which may be strongly influenced by phylogeny. Ecomorphologies of carnivorous mammals represent some of the most outstanding cases of convergent evolution in the Cenozoic radiation of mammals. This study examined patterns of cranial shape change in the dog (Canidae) and hyena (Hyaenidae) families, in order to compare the evolutionary pathways that led to the independent specialization of bone-cracking hypercarnivores within each clade. Geometric morphometrics analyses of cranial shape in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids provided evidence for deep-time convergence in morphological pathways toward the independent evolution of derived bone-crackers. Both clades contained stem members with plesiomorphic generalist/omnivore cranial shapes, which evolved into doglike species along parallel pathways of shape change. The evolution of specialized bone-crackers from these doglike forms, however, continued under the constraint of a full cheek dentition and restriction on rostrum length reduction in canids, but not hyaenids. Functionally, phylogenetic constraint may have limited borophagine canids to crack bones principally with their carnassial instead of the third premolar as in hyaenids, but other cranial shape changes associated with durophagy nevertheless evolved in parallel in the two lineages. Size allometry was not a major factor in cranial shape evolution in either lineage, supporting the interpretation of functional demands as drivers for the observed convergence. The comparison between borophagines and hyaenids showed that differential effects of alternative functional "solutions" that arise during morphological evolution may be multiplied with processes of the "macroevolutionary ratchet" already in place to further limit the evolutionary pathways available to specialized lineages.
Figs 15–29 in Calling signal pattern vs. genitalia morphology in Planaphrodes Hamilton, 1975 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Aphrodinae) - which trait evolves faster?
Figs 15–29. Planaphrodes spp.: 15–21 — P. bifasciatus; 22–29 — P. monticola; 15–20 and 22–28 — oscillograms of male calling signals; 21 and 29 — penis, side view; 15, 17, and 19 — male from Mytishchi District; 16, 18, and 20–21 — male from Serpukhov District (both in Moscow Oblast); 22–23, 25, 27, and 29 — male from Western Tien-Shan Mts.; 24, 26, and 28 — male from Central Tien-Shan Mts. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "17–20" and "25–28" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 15–29. Planaphrodes spp.: 15–21 — P. bifasciatus; 22–29 — P. monticola; 15–20, 22–28 — осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самца; 21, 29 — пенис сбоку; 15, 17, 19 — самец иЗ МытиЩинского р-на; 16, 18, 20–21 — самец иЗ Серпуховского р-на (оба — МосковскаЯ обл.); 22–23, 25, 27, 29 — самец с Западного ТЯнь-ШанЯ; 24, 26, 28 — самец с Центрального ТЯнь-ШанЯ. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "17–20" и "25–28", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenomic analysis and morphological data suggest left-right swimming behavior evolved prior to the origin of the pelagic Phylliroidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Fig. 2 Subtree of Phylliroe and its closest relatives from Dendronotida s.s., Dendronotidae, Scyllaeidae, and Tethyidae. Images from life animals and histological slides. a Dendronotus venustus. b, c Dendronotus frondosus. d–f Crosslandia viridis. g–i Melibe leonina. j–l Phylliroe
Fig. 1 in Phylogenomic analysis and morphological data suggest left-right swimming behavior evolved prior to the origin of the pelagic Phylliroidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Fig. 1 Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Cladobranchia from RAxML-NG using a concatenat- ed nucleotide matrix of 292 genes partitioned by codon position. All nodes with no support values in- dicated have 100% bootstrap support and a posterior probability of 1.0 in our analyses. The blue box indicates Dendronotida sensu stricto and the red outline shows the closest relatives to Phylliroe in our analysis (Melibe leonina, Tethyidae; Scyllaea fulva, Scyllaeidae; Dendronotus venustus, Dendronotidae), highlighted further in Fig. 2
Data from: Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)
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Data from: How many more? Sample size determination in studies of morphological integration and evolvability
The variational properties of living organisms are an important component of current evolutionary theory. As a consequence, researchers working on the field of multivariate evolution have increasingly used integration and evolvability statistics as a way of capturing the potentially complex patterns of trait association and their effects over evolutionary trajectories. Little attention has been paid, however, to the cascading effects that inaccurate estimates of trait covariance have on these widely used evolutionary statistics. Here, we analyze the relationship between sampling effort and inaccuracy in evolvability and integration statistics calculated from 10-trait matrices with varying patterns of covariation and magnitudes of integration. We then extrapolate our initial approach to different numbers of traits and different magnitudes of integration and estimate general equations relating the inaccuracy of the statistics of interest to sampling effort. We validate our equations using a dataset of cranial traits, and use them to make sample size recommendations. Our results suggest that highly inaccurate estimates of evolvability and integration statistics resulting from small sample sizes are likely common in the literature, given the sampling effort necessary to properly estimate them. We also show that patterns of covariation have no effect on the sampling properties of these statistics, but overall magnitudes of integration interact with sample size and lead to varying degrees of bias, imprecision, and inaccuracy. Finally, we provide R functions that can be used to calculate recommended sample sizes or to simply estimate the level of inaccuracy that should be expected in these statistics, given a sampling design.
Data from: Developmental plasticity, morphological variation and evolvability: a multilevel analysis of morphometric integration in the shape of compound leaves
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Data from: How many more? Sample size determination in studies of morphological integration and evolvability
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Data from: Basal metabolic rate can evolve independently of morphological and behavioural traits
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The Genetic Basis of Rapidly Evolving Male Genital Morphology in Drosophila
GEO Series GSE28663. Drosophila sechellia; Drosophila mauritiana; Drosophila sechellia x Drosophila mauritiana. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The Genetic Basis of Rapidly Evolving Male Genital Morphology in Drosophila.
GEO Series GSE26348. Drosophila melanogaster. 10 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Figs 1–14 in Calling signal pattern vs. genitalia morphology in Planaphrodes Hamilton, 1975 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Aphrodinae) - which trait evolves faster?
Figs 1–14. Planaphrodes spp.: 1–7 — P. laevus; 8–14 — P. elongatus; 1–6 and 8–13 — oscillograms of male calling signals; 7 and 14 — penis, side view; 1, 3, and 7 — male from Altai Mts.; 2 and 4–6 — males from Moscow Oblast; 8–11 and 13 — male from Saratov Oblast; 12 and 14 — male from Astrakhan Oblast. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "3–4", "9–11", and "13" are given under the same numbers. Рис. 1–14. Planaphrodes spp.: 1–7 — P. laevus; 8–14 — P. elongatus; 1–6, 8–13 — осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самца; 7, 14 — пенис сбоку; 1, 3, 7 — самец с АлтаЯ; 2, 4–6 — самцы иЗ Московской обл.; 8–11, 13 — самец иЗ Саратовской обл.; 12, 14 — самец иЗ Астраханской обл. Фрагменты сигналов, обоЗначенные цифрами "3–4", "9–11" и "13", представлены на осциллограммах под такими же номерами.
Fig. 3 in Phylogenomic analysis and morphological data suggest left-right swimming behavior evolved prior to the origin of the pelagic Phylliroidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Fig. 3 Anatomical details of Phylliroe bucephala. a Cross section of one of the 4 gonad lobules. Note the male part in the middle of the lobule, and the female part at the periphery (arrows). b Cross section of dorsal hind part with dorsal digestive gland branch. Note the lack of mucus glands in the epidermis. Arrows indicate cnidocysts, arrowhead points towards dorsal fin-like mantle. c Cross section of stomach, with remnants of food. d Digestive gland epithelium with 3 cnidocysts (arrows). e Cross section
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