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20 results for “Exaptation”
Dataset from: Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal herbivores on Balearic endemic flora
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>How introduced mammal herbivores affect insular flora is still under study. Also, disentangling which particular traits, that plants might develop from exaptations, are functional to avoid herbivory remains mainly unknown. This study aims to</span><span> assess if the flora of continental islands with historic native herbivores has exapted to the introduction of new mammal herbivores and to predict the potential vulnerability of endemic species from islands where mammal herbivores have not been introduced yet.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>Balearic Islands</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: 96 Balearic endemic plant species</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We investigated whether the endemic flora on continental islands maintains functional traits that resist introduced mammal herbivores by analysing the chemical and morphological traits related to plant resistance of five individuals per species (n=480). Also, we measured plant-size variables to assess plant escape strategies. Overall, we combined these traits with the accessibility to goats. Predictive models were generated for species that inhabit islands where goats have not been introduced to assess their potential vulnerability.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Endemic species may defend against new herbivores (e.g., goats) if they contain highly toxic compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins), spinescent and urticating structures, or specific plant architecture (low plant size, high specific leaf area).</span> <span>If such traits are absent, the species may become extinct—unless they inhabit areas inaccessible to goats. On continental islands, some endemic species are expected to resist the introduction of herbivores, while others may be significantly affected. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Part of the endemic flora may have previously adapted to ancient herbivores on the islands. Even though the ancient connection with the mainland, these</span><span> traits may allow the plants to resist the presence of introduced herbivores. However, non-exapted species could be threatened by the introduction of non-native ungulates.</span></p>
Data from: Hitting rock bottom: exaptation, ecological filtering and the benthopelagic divergence of Percid fishes
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Dataset from: Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal herbivores on Balearic endemic flora
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Data from: Molecular exaptation by the integrin αI domain
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Data from: Shell ornamentation as a likely exaptation: evidence from predatory drilling on Cenozoic bivalves
Predation is an important process in modern oceans and in the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that shelled prey modified their ornamentation in response to predation. However, bivalve ornamentation has also been argued to be important in maintaining a stable life position in the sediment and in burrowing. To test whether concentric ribs were effective against drilling by carnivorous gastropods, we examined drill hole position and completeness for four Cenozoic bivalve species that differ in rib strength (Astarte radiata, A. goldfussi, Lirophora glyptocyma, and L. latilirata). The percentage of drill holes located between the ribs increases with increasing rib strength, whereas the percentage of drill holes on top of ribs decreases. This result suggests that gastropods select the drill hole site more effectively as rib strength increases, thereby saving time and energy, and that natural selection favors gastropods that select drill hole sites between ribs. Because of this greater stereotypy, the percentage of drill holes that are incomplete is generally lower in strongly ribbed species. The proportion of drill holes located on top of ribs is greater for incomplete than complete holes, implying that ribs can be effective against predators, but only when selected as the drilling location. We show that ribs are most effective against drilling predation for bivalves with moderately sized ribs, between which gastropods have difficulty siting drill holes. Concentric ribs are unlikely to have evolved as an adaptation against drilling predation because concentric ribs evolved in the Paleozoic and were already common in the Mesozoic, whereas drilling frequency increased later, in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene. Moreover, rib strength of North American Astarte did not change through this time interval. Thus, the ribs considered here are a likely exaptation to drilling given their effectiveness at deterring drilling predation on bivalves with moderate ribs.
Figure 4 in The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark?
Figure 4. Cladogram of amphiacustine relationships (50% majority rule consensus tree of 28 equally parsimonious topologies: tree length, L = 29; consistency index, CI = 0.90; retention index, RI = 0.91). The percentage support for each node is given within an oval. Synapomorphies are indicated by numbers 1–20, and are explained in Table 2.
Figure 3 in The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark?
Figure 3. Schematic reconstructions of the legs of Araneagryllus dylani gen. et sp. nov. showing the tibial armature and the distribution of the colour pattern. A, prothoracic leg. B, mesothoracic leg. C, metathoracic leg. Scale bar: 3 mm.
Figure 2 in The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark?
Figure 2. Araneagryllus dylani gen. et sp. nov., camera lucida drawings of holotype AMNH DR-12-32. A, general habitus of specimen. Scale bar: 3 mm. B, left lateral view of head. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 1 in The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark?
Figure 1. Araneagryllus dylani gen. et sp. nov., photomicrograph of holotype AMNH DR-12-32. Scale bar: 3 mm.
Figure 5 in The first fossil spider cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae): 20 million years of troglobiomorphosis or exaptation in the dark?
Figure 5. Phylogenetic inference assessment of Amphiacustina. Life histories are mapped onto the phylogeny in blue (strict troglobitic) and green (cavicolous/straminicolous epigean), and the distributions of the supposedly troglobiomorphic characters are shown on the right. Key: eyes large (+) or reduced (-); ocelli present (+) or absent/reduced (-); stridulatory apparatus (stridulum) present and functional (+) or absent/non-functional (-); auditory tympana present (+) or absent (-); in all cases, the ± symbol indicates polymorphism.
Fig. 4 in The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)
Fig. 4 Telipogon species with different kinds of floral setae and floral callus. From left top to right bottom: Telipogon antisuyuensis Nauray & A.Galán, Telipogon austroperuvianus Nauray & A.Galán, Telipogon bowmanii Rchb.f. and Telipogon selbyanus N.H.Williams & Dressler. Photographs by Benjamin Collantes/Inka-Terra Association
Fig. 1 in The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)
Fig. 1 Floral morphology of Telipogon peruvianus: a frontal view of a flower; b lateral view showing the uncinate viscidium (arrow); c close-up of the central area with details of the reduced callus and the setae on the corolla bottom (arrow). Photographs by Manfred Ayasse
Fig. 3 in The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)
Fig. 3 Pollinarium morphology and viscidium morphology. Top, drawn (dorsal and ventral views, respectively) of pollinaria from diverse Telipogon species, all with uncinate viscidia (a Telipogon koechliniorum, b Telipogon huancavelicanus, c Telipogon phuyupatamarcensis, d Telipogon peruvianus). Bottom, Telipogon peruvianus (left) and Trichoceros muralis (right) viscidia. Note the uncinate and cochleariform viscidium, respectively. Viscidium of Trichoceros muralis is not in its natural position to make structure clearer. Photograph by Carlos Martel
Data from: Shell ornamentation as a likely exaptation: evidence from predatory drilling on Cenozoic bivalves
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Data from: Solitary ecology as a phenomenon extending beyond insular systems: exaptive evolution in Anolis lizards
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TnpB homologs exapted from transposons are RNA-guided transcription factors
GEO Series GSE245749. Escherichia coli; Enterobacter sp. BIDMC93; Enterobacter cloacae. 51 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing; Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Other.
Data for "A Shifting Lens: Urban Evolution Brings Exaptation into Focus"
<p>Data from literature search of number of citations per year including terms related to adaptation.</p>
Origin of a novel CYP20A1 lncRNA through 23 Alu exaptations in the human lineage creates a potential multi-miRNA sponge
GEO Series GSE132447. Homo sapiens. 42 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Fig. 2 in The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)
Fig. 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the uncinate viscidium of Telipogon sp. with details (top), and seta on the adaxial surface of the petal base in Telipogon peruvianus (bottom). Note that the setae and the papillae present ornamentation
Convergent exaptation of Alu and B/ID SINEs for Staufen-mediated mRNA decay
GEO Series GSE89588. Homo sapiens; Mus musculus. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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