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159 results for “Extinction risk”
Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate pollinators in India
<p>This repository includes the data compiled and used for the study of <strong>‘Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate</strong><br><strong>pollinators in India’</strong>. If you use these data, please cite them along with our manuscript:</p> <blockquote> <p>Kallivalappil R., Grattarola F., de Alwis Pitts D., Cotter S.C. & Pincheira-Donoso D. (2024). Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate<br>pollinators in India. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em>. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02848-3</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p>Animal pollinators underpin the functioning and persistence of ecosystems globally. However, the vital role of pollination is being progressively eroded by the worldwide decline of pollinator species caused by human-induced environmental degradation, resulting in rising costs to biodiversity, agriculture, and economy. Most studies quantifying pollinator diversity and declines have focused on insects, whereas vertebrate pollinators remain comparatively neglected. Here, we<br>present the first comprehensive study quantifying the macroecological patterns of species richness and extinction risk of bird and mammal pollinators in India, a region of extremely high biodiversity and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our results reveal that hotspots of mammal pollinator diversity are restricted to the south of the Western Ghats, whereas bird pollinator diversity hotspots are scattered throughout the country. Analyses of hotspots of threatened species<br>(based on the IUCN Red List) show that only mammal pollinators are currently classified as threatened in India, whereas multiple hotspots of population declines were observed for birds, and primarily in the Southwest for mammal pollinators. Our analyses failed to identify a role for species traits as drivers of these patterns, whereas most pollinators appear to be threatened by agriculture, logging and hunting for food, and medicinal purposes. Pollinator endangerment has widescale<br>ecological and economic implications such as reduced food production, plant extinction, loss of functional and genetic diversity, and economic damage. We suggest protection of vertebrate pollinators should be emphasised in active conservation agendas in India.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Files</h2> <h3>Spatial</h3> <ul> <li><code>india.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>birds.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>mammals.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>how_to_read_gpkg_data.R</code></li> </ul> <h3>Phylogenetic</h3> <ul> <li><code>PGLS_phylogeny_birds.nex</code></li> <li><code>PGLS_phylogeny_mammals.nex</code></li> </ul> <h3>Tables</h3> <ul> <li><code>all_bird_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>all_mammals_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>threatened_mammals_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>plant_pollinator_dataset.csv</code></li> <li><code>pollinator_plant_dataset.csv</code></li> <li><code>references.txt</code></li> </ul>
Figure 5 in Population biology of the freshwater shrimp Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in São Francisco River, Brazil: evidence from a population at risk of extinction
Figure 5. Atya scabra (Leach, 1816). (A) Relationship between sampling month and number of individuals; (B) monthly variation in the number of individuals (average ± SD) and mean flow (m3/s) and (C) monthly variation in number of ovigerous females (average ± SD) and mean rainfall (mm) during the sampling period.
Figure 4 in Population biology of the freshwater shrimp Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in São Francisco River, Brazil: evidence from a population at risk of extinction
Figure 4. Atya scabra (Leach, 1816). (A) Proportion of adult ovigerous and non-ovigerous females and (B) sex ratio (estimate ± SE) during the months sampled. In (B), the black square indicates a deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio.
Figure 1 in Population biology of the freshwater shrimp Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in São Francisco River, Brazil: evidence from a population at risk of extinction
Figure 1. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral view of Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) captured on the São Francisco River, Sergipe, Brazil (Photo: Alves, DFR).
Figure 3 in Population biology of the freshwater shrimp Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in São Francisco River, Brazil: evidence from a population at risk of extinction
Figure 3. Atya scabra (Leach, 1816). Size-frequency distribution of carapace length (mm) of the male and female shrimp sampled in São Francisco River, Sergipe, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Population biology of the freshwater shrimp Atya scabra (Leach, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in São Francisco River, Brazil: evidence from a population at risk of extinction
Figure 2. Map of Brazil indicating the São Francisco River watershed. Inset: sampling site (black circle) and the region of the Xingó Reservoirs (white circle). Legend: MG–Minas Gerais; BA–Bahia; SE–Sergipe; AL–Alagoas; PE–Pernambuco.
Environmental stochasticity increases extinction risk to a greater degree in pollination specialists than in generalists
<p>Pollination sustains terrestrial food webs and agricultural systems and links the dynamics of interacting plant and pollinator species. Although environmental stochasticity is ubiquitous and can propagate through communities via species interactions in a way that increases extinction risk, it is unknown whether stochasticity affects species uniformly across pollination networks. In this paper, we introduce a stochastic dynamic model that makes novel use of the birth function and apply it to pollination networks of increasing size. We start with two- and four-species networks, in order to first illustrate the effects of stochasticity per se and then how those effects combine with specialization. We then describe the relationship between partner number and stochastic extinction risk in empirical networks with >20 species. In the 2-species network, increasing the variance of the stochastic term of the model increased the size of the region in parameter space where extinctions occur. In networks with 4 or more species, specialists were more vulnerable to extinction than generalists over a broad range of variances. Extinction risk in networks with >20 species declined nonlinearly with increasing mutualist partner number. Our results demonstrate the importance of including species interactions and stochasticity when using population-dynamic models to compare species' extinction risk. While models that omit either of these factors are likely to underestimate extinction risk, they disproportionately underestimate the vulnerability of specialists.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)
FIGURE 2: (Left) Maximum clade credibility tree depicting the phylogenetic position of Pristimantis penelopus within the P. ridens series. Numbers on nodes indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below nodes represent nodal support using the ultrafast bootstrap (see methods). Asterisks indicate nodal support above 95% in both Bayesian and ML methods. (Right) Haplotype network based on 460 bp of the COI region. Numbers of mutational steps are shown on the lines connecting haplotypes. Colors refer to geographic locations shown in Figure 1.
FIGURE 4 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)
FIGURE 4: Potential distribution of Pristimantis penelopus based on ecological niche modeling (red). Yellow dots represents occurrence localities used to calibrate the model. See main text for details.
FIGURE 1 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)
FIGURE 1: Geographic sampling of Pristimantis penelopus. Colored circles indicate sequenced specimens. Different colors represent the populations used in the genetic analysis (see Figure 2 for color codes).
FIGURE 3 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)
FIGURE 3: Phenotypic variation of Pristimantis penelopus across its distribution. Localitites are shown in Appendix 1.
FIGURE 5 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 5 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) colored by elevation and sized by species' description year. Threatened NFF species are often those described decades ago, with range-restricted distributions in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient (gray). Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.
FIGURE 6 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 6 | Collection points for 671 potentially threatened Neotropical Freshwater Fishes (NFF). Potentially threatened NFF species predicted by the ConR package using EOO estimates are usually distributed outside protected areas (e.g., national parks, indigenous lands: green) and more often located in the upland rivers of the northern, central and southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates. Protected areas (green) from: https://www.protectedplanet.net.
FIGURE 2 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 2 | Extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). On average, 14% (422 of 3,001) NFF species are classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) as Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). Extinction risks are relatively similar among the orders Characiformes (8.2%), Siluriformes (10.8%), Cichliformes (10.0%), and Gymnotiformes (14.9%). An exception is the clade Cyprinodontiformes, where about 48% of species are classified as either VU, EN, or CR. LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient.
FIGURE 4 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 4 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). Threatened NFF species classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) are often distributed in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.
FIGURE 3 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 3 | Association among three variables and extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). A. IUCN-Red List (RL) threat categories by species description dates. B. Species description dates by taxonomic orders. C. IUCN-RL categories by geographic ranges. D. Geographic ranges by taxonomic orders. E. IUCN-RL categories by elevation ranges. F. Elevational ranges by taxonomic orders. Threatened status are usually higher for recently described NFF species, those inhabiting narrow geographic ranges, and those confined to upland river drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient.
FIGURE 1 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 1 | Sample of the phenotypic diversity of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Upper left to lower right: Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz, 1829); Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho, 2005; Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010; Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840; Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766); Anablepsoides xinguensis (Costa, 2010); Abramites hypselonotus (Günther 1868); Pituna xinguensis Costa & Nielsen, 2007; Gymnotus cuia Craig, Malabarba, Crampton & Albert, 2018; Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana, 2003; Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho, 2013; Corydoras britskii (Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983). Species not shown in scale.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/e9fcfa2b-72cd-4826-a7e5-c33cd37bf00e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/e9fcfa2b-72cd-4826-a7e5-c33cd37bf00e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/e9fcfa2b-72cd-4826-a7e5-c33cd37bf00e">https://gbif.org/dataset/e9fcfa2b-72cd-4826-a7e5-c33cd37bf00e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Fig. 2 in Distribution range and extinction risk of tree snail subgenus Amphidromus (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand
Fig. 2. Locations of Amphidromus (Amphidromus) records from literature. Open circles show reported locations of Amphidromus.
Fig. 3 in Distribution range and extinction risk of tree snail subgenus Amphidromus (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand
Fig. 3. Species distribution models of five Amphidromus subspecies. Darker colors represent higher probabilities of suitable habitat. Upper and lower rows are probabilities of suitable habitat in years 2000 and 2050, respectively. A and F are models of A. (A.) atricallosus atricallosus. B and G are models of A. (A.) atricallosus leucoxanthus. C and H are models of A. (A.) givenchyi. D and I are models of A. (A.) inversus annamiticus. E and J are models of A. (A.) schomburgki dextrochlorus.
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