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10 results for “Extirpated species”
Extirpated prairie species demonstrate more variable phenological responses to warming than extant congeners
<p><i>Premise of the study. </i>Shifting phenology in response to climate is one mechanism that can promote population persistence and geographic spread; therefore, species with limited ability to phenologically track changing environmental conditions may be more susceptible to population declines. Alternatively, apparently, nonresponding species may demonstrate divergent responses to multiple environmental conditions experienced across seasons.</p> <p><i>Methods. </i>Capitalizing on herbarium records from across the Midwestern United States and detailed botanical surveys documenting local extinctions over the past century, we investigate whether extirpated and extant taxa differ in their phenological responses to temperature and precipitation experienced during winter and spring (during flowering and the growing season prior to flowering) or in their magnitude of flowering time shift over the past century.</p> <p><i>Key results. </i>Although warmer temperatures across seasons advanced flowering, extirpated and extant species differed in the magnitude of their phenological responses to winter and spring warming. Extirpated species demonstrated inconsistent phenological responses to warmer spring temperatures. Meanwhile, extant species consistently advanced flowering in response to warmer spring temperatures. In contrast, extirpated species advanced flowering more than extant species in response to warmer winter temperatures. Greater spring precipitation tended to delay flowering for both extirpated and extant taxa. Finally, both extirpated and extant taxa delayed flowering over time.</p> <p><i>Conclusions. </i>This study highlights the importance of understanding phenological responses to seasonal warming and indicates that extirpated species may demonstrate more variable phenological responses to temperature than extant congeners, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that appropriate phenological responses may reduce species' likelihood of extinction.</p>
Extirpated species in Berlin, dates of last detections, habitats, and number of Berlin's inhabitants
<p>Species loss is highly scale-dependent, following the species-area relationship. We analysed spatio-temporal patterns of species' extirpation on a multitaxonomic level using Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Berlin is one of the largest cities in Europe and has experienced a strong urbanisation trend since the late 19th century. We expected species' extirpation to be exceptionally high due to the long history of urbanisation. Analysing regional Red Lists of Threatened Plants, Animals, and Fungi of Berlin (covering 9498 species), we found that 16 % of species were extirpated, a rate 5.9 times higher than at the German scale, and 47.1 times higher than at the European scale. Species' extirpation in Berlin is comparable to that of another German city with a similarly broad taxonomic coverage, but much higher than in regional areas with less human impact. The documentation of species' extirpation started in the 18th century and is well documented for the 19th and 20th centuries. We found an average annual extirpation of 3.6 species in the 19th century, 9.6 species in the 20th century, and the same number of extirpated species as in the 19th century were documented in the 21th century, despite the much shorter time period. Our results showed that species' extirpation is higher at small than on large spatial scales, and might be negatively influenced by urbanisation, with different effects on different taxonomic groups and habitats. Over time, we found that species' extirpation is highest during periods of high human alterations and is negatively affected by the number of people living in the city. But, there is still a lack of data to decouple the size of the area and the human impact of urbanisation. However, cities might be suitable systems for studying species' extirpation processes due to their small scale and human impact.</p>
Extirpated species in Berlin, dates of last detections, habitats, and number of Berlin’s inhabitants
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Extirpated prairie species demonstrate more variable phenological responses to warming than extant congeners
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FIGURES 2–8 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURES 2–8. Simulium (I.) teruamanga. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Matavera Stream, Rarotonga (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 3. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 4. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 5. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 6. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 7. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft, frontoclypeal apotome and antenna of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 8. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.02 mm).
FIGURE 1 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURE 1. Distribution of known simuliid material on Cook and Austral Islands. Simulium (I.) teruamanga—squares, S. (I.) rurutuense—circles. Simulium (I.) raivavaense—asterisk. Solid shapes indicates extant species, stippled subfossil material. (Adapted from Craig et al. 2001).
FIGURES 9–17. 9–13 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURES 9–17. 9–13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14–17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig.15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm).
Data from: Reintroducing extirpated herbivores could partially reverse the late Quaternary decline of large and grazing species
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Reinstating large, native herbivores is an essential component of ecological restoration efforts, as these taxa can be important drivers of ecological processes. However, many herbivore species have gone globally or regionally extinct during the last 50,000 years, leaving simplified herbivore assemblages and trophically downgraded ecosystems. Here, we discuss to what extent trophic rewilding can undo these changes by reinstating native herbivores.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Global</p> <p><strong>Time Period: </strong>We report functional trait changes from the Late Pleistocene to the present, and estimated trait changes under future scenarios.</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied: </strong>Wild, large (≥10 kg), terrestrial, mammalian herbivores</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use a functional trait dataset containing all late Quaternary large herbivores ≥10 kg to look at changes in the body mass and diet composition of herbivore assemblages, a proxy for species' ecological effects. First, we assess how these traits have changed from the Late Pleistocene to the present. Next, we quantify how the current body mass and diet composition would change if all extant, wild herbivores were restored to their native ranges (and if no functional replacements were used), exploring scenarios with different baselines.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Defaunation has primarily removed large and grazing herbivores. Reinstating extant herbivores across their native ranges would reverse these changes, especially when reinstating them to their prehistoric distributions. It would partially restore herbivore body mass and diet composition to pre-anthropogenic conditions. However, in the absence of complementary interventions (e.g. introducing functional replacements), many herbivore assemblages would remain down-sized and browser dominated, relative to pre-anthropogenic conditions.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions: </strong>Many terrestrial herbivore assemblages - and hence ecosystems - would remain trophically downgraded, even after bringing back all extant, native herbivores. Therefore, complementary interventions would be required to achieve complete functional restoration. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that reintroducing the remaining native herbivores would diversify the herbivory and disturbances of herbivore assemblages.</p>
Data from: Reintroducing extirpated herbivores could partially reverse the late Quaternary decline of large and grazing species
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Distribution. The species is known to occur in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, and N Peru; historically also in W Venezuela, but now extirpated. in Tapiridae
Distribution. The species is known to occur in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, and N Peru; historically also in W Venezuela, but now extirpated.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.