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Figure 1 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 1. Exemplars of the plant hosts analyzed in this study. (a) Taeniopteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612206. (b) Zeilleropteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612216. (c) Auritifolia waggoneri from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559854. (d) Taeniopteris from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559818. (e) Johniphyllum multinerve from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520377. (f) Euparyphoselis gibsonii from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520383.

Figure 4 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 4. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the four primarily and secondarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by fewer than 400 specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

Figure 7 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 7. Surface area of individual specimens ordered by area for the two forms of Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.

Figure 3 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 3. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

Figure 6 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 6. Surface area of individual specimens, ordered by area for each plant host, for Auritifolia waggoneri and Taeniopteris spp. of CCP and Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.

Figure 8 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 8. The DT diversity and the herbivory index of each specimen, plotted against its surface area.

Figure 5 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 5. Sequential increases in sample size, starting with the largest specimens, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens.

Figure 2 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 2. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different subsampling routines for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated from the complete datasets, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals calculated from the complete datasets. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

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Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils

Figure 1. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), habitus. Interpretative drawing (a) and photograph (b side, extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (b). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.

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Figure 3 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils

Figure 3. Template for assembly of operative models of right fore- and hind wing reconstructions of Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. See text for abbreviations and colour coding, and Béthoux et al. (2016) for a video tutorial. Assembly instructions: print the whole figure and fold along the grey dashed line; glue inner sides of paper sheet together; cut out wings along their outlines; in the hind wing, imprint the folds with a needle and a ruler; imprint concave folds (purple) on the dorsal side; imprint convex folds (green, orange, and blue) on ventral side; and imprint red fold weakly on both sides. To assist colour-blind readers, folds should be imprinted where represented by a full-colour full line (as opposed to a pale-colour dash-dotted line).

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Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931 in Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils

Figure 2. Protelytron permianum Tillyard, 1931, holotype (YPM IP 001019b), detail of the left hind wing as located in Fig. 1b. Photograph (extracted from the RTI file available from Béthoux et al., 2016) (a) and the same but with interpretative drawing (reproduced from Fig. 1a). See text for abbreviations and colour coding.

Fig. 1 in Taphonomy of the fossil insects of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation

Fig. 1. Stratigraphy of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation from the type area at Coal Creek, Middle Fork of Flathead River region, shown in relation to the measured section at the Tunnel Creek locality—oil shale stratigraphy is representative of the other insect localities and demonstrates the heterogeneous lithologic makeup of the lower sequence of the Coal Creek Member. The thicknesses of the oil shale beds in meters is shown in parentheses. For the interval with numerous interbeds of marlstone and mudstone denoted by the bracket, the composite thickness of oil shale is listed. The oil shale within this bracket contains fossil insects.

Fig. 5 in Taphonomy of the fossil insects of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs showing the constituents of a single rhythmite comprised of three distinct layers; shale USNM 560101; Coal Creek member of the Kishenehn Formation, Eocene, Montana, USA. A. A thin-section of one rhythmite. The black mat at the bottom of the photograph is part of an underlying rhythmite (frames show the exact locations of B–D). B–D. Higher magnification photographs of the three layers of the rhythmite. B. A microbial mat consisting of black organic matter, primarily carbon, small amounts of calcite crystals and scattered larger siliciclastic particles. C. Small crystals of calcite (CaCO). D. A thick layer consisting largely of various particles of siliciclastic detritus.

Fig. 3 in Taphonomy of the fossil insects of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation

Fig. 3. Distribution of fossil insect orders from the Coal Creek member of the Kishenehn Formation. Percentages of the total insect fossils for each order are given to the right of each horizontal bar. Insects not identifiable to order (8.38% of the total) are not included in the graph. Within Diptera and Hemiptera, the families Chironomidae (nonbiting midges) and Corixidae (water boatmen) respectively, make up the majority of the specimens.

Fig. 2 in Taphonomy of the fossil insects of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation

Fig. 6 in The contribution of the Middle Triassic fossil assemblage of Monte San Giorgio to insect evolution.

Fig. 6 | Abundance of fossils per insect lineage found at VM12 site and location of the main Middle Triassic insect deposits. A Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of insect evolutionary relationships from Montagna et al. (5) where the abundance of insects collected at VM12 per lineage, expressed as the natural logarithm of the number of individuals, is reported; (B). Location of main Middle Triassic fossil insect deposits as in Zheng et al. (11) with the addition of Monte San Giorgio. (1) Tongchuan, China (Ladinian); (2) Karamay, China (Carnian); (3) Madygen, Kyrgyzstan (Ladinian-Carnian); (4) Vosges, France (early Anisian); (5) Solite, USA (late Carnian); (6) Ipswich, Australia (Carnian); (7) Brookvale, Australia (Anisian); (8) Molteno, South Africa (Carnian); (MSG) Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland (Ladinian). Giulia Magoga drew insect silhouettes.

Fig. 5 in The contribution of the Middle Triassic fossil assemblage of Monte San Giorgio to insect evolution.

Fig. 5 | Diptera preserving peculiar features. A MCSN 8696, adult preserving the hexagonal facets of compound eyes and three round-shaped bodies at the end of the abdomen. B MCSN 8696, enlargement of the hexagonal facets of compound eyes. C MCSN 8696, enlargement of the three round-shaped bodies present externally on the abdomen, with visible ornamentations. D MCSN 8697, three round-shaped bodies present externally on the abdomen, with visible ornamentations. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, C, 200 µm; D, 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in The contribution of the Middle Triassic fossil assemblage of Monte San Giorgio to insect evolution.

Fig. 3 | Representatives of holometabolous insects. A Magnicapitixyela dilettae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae), MCSN 8678. B Merithone laetitiae (Neuropterida, †Permithonidae), MCSN 8679 (19). Coleoptera: MCSN 8691, Archostemata (C); MCSN 8692, Archostemata (D); MCSN 8681, Adephaga (E); MCSN 8693, Polyphaga (F). Scale bars: A–D, 1 mm; E, F 200 µm.

Fig. 1 in The contribution of the Middle Triassic fossil assemblage of Monte San Giorgio to insect evolution.

Fig. 1 | Location of the Monte San Giorgio (Italy-Switzerland) UNESCO World Heritage and stratigraphic section of the Middle Triassic sediments. A Simplified map of the Monte San Giorgio showing the Middle Triassic carbonate succession and the location of Val Mara (indicated by a star) where VM 12 site occurs. B Stratigraphic section of the Middle Triassic sediments in Monte San Giorgio, the position of VM 12 strata where the insect fossils were collected is indicated by the black arrow.