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36 results for “Fruit evolution”
Rapid and transient evolution of local adaptation to seasonal host fruits in an invasive pest fly
<p><span>Both local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity can influence the match between phenotypic traits and local environmental conditions. Theory predicts that environments stable for multiple generations promote local adaptation, while highly heterogeneous environments favor adaptive phenotypic plasticity. However, when environments have periods of stability mixed with heterogeneity, the relative importance of local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is unclear. Here, we used <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> as a model system to evaluate the relative influence of genetic and plastic effects on the match of populations to environments with periods of stability from three to four generations. This invasive pest insect can develop within different fruits, and persists throughout the year in a given location on a succession of distinct host fruits, each one being available for only a few generations. Using reciprocal common environment experiments of natural <em>D. suzukii</em> populations collected from cherry, strawberry and blackberry, we found that both oviposition preference and offspring performance were higher on medium made with the fruit from which the population originated, than on media made with alternative fruits. This pattern, which remained after two generations in the laboratory, was analyzed using a statistical method we developed to quantify the contributions of local adaptation and adaptive plasticity in determining fitness. Altogether, we found that genetic effects (local adaptation) dominate over plastic effects (adaptive phenotypic plasticity). Our study demonstrates that spatially and temporally variable selection does not prevent the rapid evolution of local adaptation in natural populations. The speed and strength of adaptation may be facilitated by several mechanisms including a large effective population size and strong selective pressures imposed by host plants.</span></p>
Rapid and transient evolution of local adaptation to seasonal host fruits in an invasive pest fly
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Data from: Phylogenomics, biogeography, and evolution of the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods
<p>In this study, we combined data from RAD-seq, morphology, fossils, and ecological niche to understand species relationships, biogeographic history, ecological niche and morphological evolution of the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods, the largest of the four major clades of Cornus. Our phylogenomic analyses with RAxML and MrBayes recovered a strongly supported and well-resolved phylogeny of the BW group with three intercontinental disjunct clades in east Asia/Eurasia and North America - of which two in subg. Kraniopsis are newly identified. Divergence time analyses with BEAST and treePL and DEC-based total evidence analysis resolved an ancestral range of the BW crown in eastern Asia or Eurasia in the Late Cretaceous and ancestral ranges of the three disjunct clades in Eurasia and North America during the Miocene, suggesting dispersal via the North Atlantic and Bering land bridges. Character mapping and comparison of ecological niche, morphospace, and rate of evolution shows evidence of different divergence patterns in morphology, ecological niche, and molecules of the disjunct sisters. The overall diversity bias towards EA cannot be explained by a greater net diversification rate but rather an early diversification of subg. Kraniopsis in EA. Although morphological stasis was observed in most of the characters across the disjuncts, evolutionary changes in vegetative, fruit, and habit traits may be attributed to continental differences in temperature, precipitation, and elevation. These findings in conjunction with previous studies suggest the EA-ENA disjunct floras are an assembly of lineages descended from the boreotropical or mesophytic flora through taxon-specific evolutionary pathways.</p>
Phenotypic and Genetic data for "Evolution of fruit and seed traits during almond naturalization"
<p>1- Cultivated plant species often naturalize and enter wild communities in a process known as feralization. To successfully feralize, crops must overcome ecological barriers and may undergo selection on certain traits, diverging phenotypically and genetically from their crop ancestors. In spite of the agronomic and ecological relevance of crop feralization, the eco-evolutionary dynamics driving it remain understudied.</p> <p>2- In this paper, we evaluated phenotypic and genotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits during the naturalization of the almond tree (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) in SE Iberia and evaluated the potential role of natural selection in this process. To do so, we investigated patterns of genetic divergence between cultivated and feral populations using functional (the cyanogenesis Sk gene) and neutral (17 SSR loci) markers and analyzed morphological and biochemical traits in kernels of 342 individuals from 15 cultivated and 24 feral populations.</p> <p>3- We detected very little genetic differentiation in neutral markers between cultivated and feral populations. The majority of the observed genetic variation was due to differences within each type. Conversely, the recessive allele sk responsible for seed toxicity was significantly more frequent in feral populations. Phenotypic differentiation between cultivated and naturalized almond populations was also significant. Feral almond kernels were smaller and lighter, had denser and more resistant shells (endocarps) and more toxic seeds. Selection analyses indicated that these genetic and phenotypic patterns might be driven by directional selection on fruit and seed traits, potentially linked to defense against predation.</p> <p>4- Synthesis. Our findings indicate that almond naturalization is consistent with strong directional selection on fruits and seeds, leading to smaller and more toxic seeds encased in harder endocarps. Accordingly, we propose that feralization of this crop is, at least to some degree, driven by adaptive evolution of dispersal and recruitment traits.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
<p><em>Research conducted:</em> The majority of plant colors are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but coloration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e., structural colors) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> and compare it to a previously described origin in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy, serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy, and optical simulations to characterize the photonic structure in<em> L. strigocamara</em>. We also examine the development of the structure during maturation.</p> <p><em>Key results:</em> We find that the structural color derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of ~105 nm that form a plate-like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The lipids used are likely polymers of lipid monomers.</p> <p><em>Main conclusions:</em> <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> is the second origin of a lipid-based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>. Chemical differences between the lipids in<em> L. strigocamara</em> and those of <em>V. tinus</em> suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signaling function of structural colors in fruits.</p>
Fruit evolution in Hydrophyllaceae
<p>In this repository you can find the alignments and the Rscript used for the Ancestral character state reconstructions in the study "Fruit evolution in Hydrophyllaceae". (Vasile et al. 2021. American Journal of Botany)</p>
Data for: Phylogenetics of Serjania (Sapindaceae-Paullinieae), with emphasis on fruit evolution and the description of a new species from Michoacán, Mexico
<p>IQ-tree results and alignment matrix for the study: Phylogenetics of Serjania (Sapindaceae-Paullinieae), with emphasis on fruit evolution and the description of a new species from Michoacán, Mexico</p>
Data from: Phylogenomics, biogeography, and evolution of the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods
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Associated evolution of fruit size, fruit color and spines in Neotropical palms
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Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
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Phenotypic and Genetic data for "Evolution of fruit and seed traits during almond naturalization"
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Data from: Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of fruit and leaf morphology of Dichaea (Orchidaceae: Zygopetalinae)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The orchid genus Dichaea, with over 100 species found throughout the neotropics, is easily recognized by distichous leaves on long stems without pseudobulbs and flowers with infrastigmatic ligules. The genus has previously been divided into four sections based primarily on presence of ovary bristles and a foliar abscission layer. The aim of this work is to use DNA sequence data to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Dichaea and map the distribution of major morphological characters that have been used to delimit subgenera/sections. METHODS: Sequence data for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and plastid matK, trnL intron, trnL-F spacer and ycf1 for 67 ingroup and seven outgroup operational taxonomic units were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Dichaea. Taxa from each of the four sections were sampled, with the greatest representation from section Dichaea, the most diverse and taxonomically puzzling group. KEY RESULTS: Molecular data and morphology support monophyly of Dichaea. Results indicate that section Dichaeopsis is polyphyletic and based on symplesiomorphies, including deciduous leaves and smooth ovaries that are widespread in Zygopetalinae. There are at least three well-supported clades within section Dichaeopsis. Section Pseudodichaea is monophyletic and defined by setose ovaries and leaves with an abscission layer. Sections Dichaea and Dichaeastrum are monophyletic and defined by pendent habit and persistent leaves. Section Dichaeastrum, distinguished from section Dichaea primarily by a glabrous ovary, is potentially polyphyletic. CONCLUSIONS: The leaf abscission layer was lost once, occurring only in the derived sections Dichaea and Dichaeastrum. The setose fruit is a more homoplasious character with several losses and gains within the genus. We propose an informal division of the genus based upon five well-supported clades.
Data from: Environmental margin and island evolution in Middle Eastern populations of the Egyptian fruit bat
Here, we present a study of the population genetic architecture and microevolution of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at the environmental margins in the Middle East using mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites. In contrast to the rather homogenous population structure typical of cave-dwelling bats in climax tropical ecosystems, a relatively pronounced isolation by distance and population diversification was observed. The evolution of this pattern could be ascribed to the complicated demographic history at higher latitudes related to the range margin fragmentation and complex geomorphology of the studied area. Lineages from East Africa and Arabia show divergent positions. Within the northwestern unit, the most marked pattern of the microsatellite dataset is connected with insularity, as demonstrated by the separate status of populations from Saharan oases and Cyprus. These demes also exhibit a reduction in genetic variability, which is presumably connected with founder effects, drift and other potential factors related to island evolution as site-specific selection. Genetic clustering indicates a semipermeability of the desert barriers in the Sahara and Arabian Peninsula and a corridor role of the Nile Valley. The results emphasizes the role of the island environment in restricting the gene flow in megabats, which is also corroborated by biogeographic patterns within the family, and suggests the possibility of nascent island speciation on Cyprus. Demographic analyses suggest that the colonization of the region was connected to the spread of agricultural plants; therefore, the peripatric processes described above might be because of or strengthened by anthropogenic changes in the environment.
Parallelism in endocarp form sheds light on fruit syndrome evolution in Viburnum
<p>All <i>Viburnum</i> species produce drupes with a hardened endocarp surrounding a single seed. Endocarp form varies greatly within <i>Viburnum</i>, and differences in shape have long been used to distinguish major subclades. Here we trace the evolution of <i>Viburnum</i> endocarp shape using morphometric analyses and phylogenies for 115 <i>Viburnum</i> species. Endocarp measurements were obtained from fruits sampled from herbarium specimens and from field collections, and shapes were analyzed using elliptical Fourier analysis. We infer that the first viburnums had flattened and grooved endocarps. Subsequently, there were multiple losses of grooving in conjunction with shifts to both highly flattened and nearly round endocarps. In several clades the parallel evolution of a derived endocarp shape was accompanied by changes in a suite of other fruit traits, yielding distinctive fruit syndromes likely related to bird dispersal. However, in other clades endocarp shapes similar to the ancestral form have been retained while other fruit traits (color, amount of flesh, nutritional content) have diverged. We quantify cases of parallel evolution in endocarp shape that cut across recognized fruit syndromes such as red, carbohydrate rich fruits with flattened endocarps or blue, lipid rich fruits with round endocarps. Our analyses now invite studies of function and the selective factors that have yielded the distinctive suites of fruit and seed traits that distinguish the major <i>Viburnum</i> lineages.</p>
Mammal-mediated seed dispersal in Vanilla: its rewards and clues to the evolution of fleshy fruits in orchids
<p>Data on frequency of visits by Vanilla bahiana dispersers and data on acid scarification of seeds.</p>
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N in Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N Myanmar (Kermode 17139, holotype, K-001235138). C, D from Yunnan, China (Gaoligongshan Biodiversity Survey 32015, GH-00292433). Scale on right corner for B and D. Drawn by Noriyuki Tanaka.
Data from: Molecular evolution of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 gene Nrf2 in Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Mammals developed antioxidant systems to defend against oxidative damage in their daily life. Enzymatic antioxidants and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWAs) constitute major parts of the antioxidant systems. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2, encoded by the Nrf2 gene) is a central transcriptional regulator, regulating transcription, of many antioxidant enzymes. Frugivorous bats eat large amounts of fruits that contain high levels of LMWAs such as vitamin C, thus, a reliance on LMWAs might greatly reduce the need for antioxidant enzymes in comparison to insectivorous bats. Therefore, it is possible that frugivorous bats have a reduced need for Nrf2 function due to their substantial intake of diet-antioxidants. To test whether the Nrf2 gene has undergone relaxed evolution in fruit-eating bats, we obtained Nrf2 sequences from 16 species of bats, including four Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and one New World fruit bat (Phyllostomidae). Our molecular evolutionary analyses revealed changes in the selection pressure acting on Nrf2 gene and identified seven specific amino acid substitutions that occurred on the ancestral lineage leading to Old World fruit bats. Biochemical experiments were conducted to examine Nrf2 in Old World fruit bats and showed that the amount of catalase, which is regulated by Nrf2, was significantly lower in the brain, heart and liver of Old World fruit bats despite higher levels of Nrf2 protein in Old World fruit bats. Computational predictions suggest that three of these seven amino acid replacements might be deleterious to Nrf2 function. Therefore, the results suggest that Nrf2 gene might have experienced relaxed constraint in Old World fruit bats, however, we cannot rule out the possibility of positive selection. Our study provides the first data on the molecular adaptation of Nrf2 gene in frugivorous bats in compensation to the increased levels of LWMAs from their fruit-diet.
Data from: Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with dynamic fruit evolution
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Data from: The jujube genome provides insights into genome evolution and the domestication of sweetness/acidity taste in fruit trees
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Data from: Phylogeny, classification, and fruit evolution of the species-rich Neotropical bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)
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