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Supplementary data for "The subgenual organ complex in stick insects: Functional morphology and mechanical coupling of a complex mechanosensory organ"
<p>µCT-scans of the upper tibial regions of the foreleg (T1) and the midleg (T2) of <em>Ramulus artemis</em> (Westwood, 1859), <em>Carausius morosus</em> (Sinéty, 1901), and <em>Sipyloidea sipylus</em> (Westwood, 1859). For use of scans, please cite the following publication:</p> <p>Strauß, J., Moritz, L. & Rühr, P.T. (<strong>2021</strong>): The subgenual organ complex in stick insects: Functional morphology and mechanical coupling of a complex mechanosensory organ. <em>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (Research Topic “Evolutionary Biomechanics of Sound Production and Reception”)</em>. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.632493">10.3389/fevo.2021.632493</a>.</p> <p>All scans were performed with a commercial μCT desktop system (Skyscan 1272, Bruker microCT, Kontich, Belgium) at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Bonn, Germany.</p> <p><strong>µCT scan settings of all samples:</strong></p> <p><em>Ramulus artemis:</em></p> <ul> <li>tube voltage = 30 kV</li> <li>ube current = 200 μA</li> <li>target = tungsten</li> <li>no filter</li> <li>total sample rotation = 360°</li> <li>angular step size = 0.2°</li> <li>exposure time = 1980 ms</li> <li>binning = 1x1</li> <li>averaging = 8</li> <li>random movement = 15 px</li> <li>voxel size = 1.8 μm</li> <li>fixation: Bouin's solution (24 hours)</li> <li>staining: 0.3% PTA (21 days)</li> <li>storage: 70% EtOH</li> <li>surrounding medium in scan: 70% EtOH</li> <li>filenames: Ramulus_artemis_T1.tif; Ramulus_artemis_T2.tif</li> </ul> <p><em>Carausius morosus:</em></p> <ul> <li>tube voltage = 29 kV</li> <li>ube current = 200 μA</li> <li>target = tungsten</li> <li>no filter</li> <li>total sample rotation = 360°</li> <li>angular step size = 0.2°</li> <li>exposure time = 1900 ms</li> <li>binning = 1x1</li> <li>averaging = 5</li> <li>random movement = 15 px</li> <li>voxel size = 1.0 μm</li> <li>fixation: Bouin's solution (24 hours)</li> <li>staining: 0.3% PTA (21 days)</li> <li>storage: 70% EtOH</li> <li>surrounding medium in scan: 70% EtOH</li> <li>filenames: Carausius_morosus_T1.tif; Carausius_morosus_T2.tif</li> </ul> <p><em>Sipyloidea sipylus:</em></p> <ul> <li>tube voltage = 29 kV</li> <li>ube current = 200 μA</li> <li>target = tungsten</li> <li>no filter</li> <li>total sample rotation = 360°</li> <li>angular step size = 0.2°</li> <li>exposure time = 1900 ms</li> <li>binning = 1x1</li> <li>averaging = 7</li> <li>random movement = 15 px</li> <li>voxel size = 1.8 μm</li> <li>fixation: Bouin's solution (24 hours)</li> <li>staining: 0.3% PTA (21 days)</li> <li>storage: 70% EtOH</li> <li>surrounding medium in scan: 70% EtOH</li> <li>filenames: Sipyloidea_sipylus_T1.tif; Sipyloidea_sipylus_T2.tif</li> </ul>
Supporting data and codes for: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression
<p>This GitHub repository includes R codes and datasets for the paper: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression</p>
Figure 18 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 18. The anatomy of Paphies elongata (a and b) compared with that of Donax hanleyanus (c and d), both drawn to the same relative scale (for actual scales see the earlier illustrations). (a) and (c) are views of the apertures of the inhalant siphons; (b) and (d) are the internal organs of the mantle cavity showing the visceral mass and foot, the musculature, the orientation of the ctenidia and labial palps and the simplified intestine. (c) is re-drawn after Luzzatto and Penchaszadeh (2001, fig. 1); (d) is a compendium of re-drawn figures from Narchi (1978). (See previous illustrations for interpretations of structure).
Figure 15 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 15. Paphies elongata. The course of the intestine in the visceral mass as seen from the right side. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AN, anus; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; EMG, expanded region of the mid gut; F, foot; G, gonad; H, heart; HF, heel of the foot; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; R, rectum.
Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A more detailed illustration of the anterior adductor muscle complex. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle (1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle (2); APEM, anterior pedal elevator muscles; APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; VM, visceral mass.
Figure 9 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 9. Paphies elongata. (a) the organs of the mantle cavity as seen from the left side after removal of the left shell valve and mantle lobe. (b) A diagrammatic transverse section through the left ctenidium showing the ciliary currents. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; ES, exhalant siphon; FMM, fused mantle margin; HF, heel of the foot; ID, inner demibranch; IS, inhalant siphon; F, foot; OD, outer demibranch; OLP, outer labial palp; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; SAE, supra-axial extension of the outer demibranch; VMFG, ventral margin food groove of the inner demibranch.
Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A more detailed view of the hinge plate of the right valve showing the structure of the ligament. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; AOLL, anterior outer ligament layer; ILL, inner ligament layer; P, periostracum; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; POLL, posterior outer ligament layer; PR, prodissoconch; RE, resilifer; S, socket.
Figure 4 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 4. Paphies elongata. Internal views of (a) the left and (b) the right hinge plates. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; L, ligament; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; S, socket.
Figure 3 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 3. Paphies elongata. An internal view of the right shell valve showing the hinge plate and the muscle scars. The black dot indicates the position of the only naticid drill hole found in any of the empty valves collected. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle scar(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle scar (2); APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle scar; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PA, posterior adductor muscle scar; PG, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line scar; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PS, pallial sinus; U, umbo.
Figure 13 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 13. Paphies elongata. The ciliary currents of the left mantle lobe. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle(2); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PGS, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus.
Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A living individual in its life position in the sediment. Closed arrow represents the inhalant stream, open arrows the exhalant.
Figure 22. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 22. A, origins and insertions of mm. intercristales (top, light-fill shapes), mm. intertransversarii (dark-fill shapes) and an interpretation of dorsal, rib head origins (large light-filled shapes) of m. iliocostalis capitis, of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027). B, moment arms for lateroflexion by mm. intertransversarii on C6–C8 of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033, ventral view).
Figure 23. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 23. A, topological appearance of m. rectus capitis ventralis (anterior muscles) and m. iliocostalis cervicis (posteroventrally originating muscles) on anterior axial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033), ventral view. The moment arm for lateral flexion by m. iliocostalis cervicis is superimposed. B, m. r.c.v.: origins of m. rectus capitis ventralis from ventral spinous processes of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033) with arrow showing course of the muscle. m. il. cerv.: origin from ventral centra and insertions onto ventral fascia of cervical ribs of m. iliocostalis cervicis, with arrow showing course of the muscle. C, insertion of m. rectus capitis ventralis onto basioccipital of Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506; the specimen is incomplete and the image partly mirrored), showing moment arms. Because the tyrannosaurid occiput slopes anteroventrally, the ventroflexion moment arm is somewhat longer than depicted in this view. D, strength of functional inference for head ventroflexion by m. rectus capitis ventralis in Tyrannosaurus rex. E, strength of functional inference for neck lateroflexion by m. iliocostalis cervicis of Tyrannosaurus rex.
Figure 20. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 20. A, origin scar of m. splenius capitis from C2 of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033), in anterodorsal view. B, area of possible insertions of m. splenius capitis (medial part) on the occiput of Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506; the specimen is incomplete and the image partly mirrored), with moment arms shown for dorsiflexion and lateroflexion. C, insertions of m. longus colli dorsalis/m. transversospinalis cervicis onto posterior and dorsal surfaces of epipophyses, from C2 to C5. The most prominent insertion is a posteriorly concave scar on the C2 epipophysis. D, centres of rotation (white circles) and moment arms (lines) for insertions of m. longus colli dorsalis/m. transversospinalis cervicis, on cervical vertebrae of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033). Centres of rotation are estimated to be at positions similar to those Selbie, Thomson & Richmond (1993) determined for intervertebral flexion in cats.
Figure 21. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 21. A, origin scars of m. longissimus capitis superficialis (C7–D1 parapophyses) and m. longissimus capitis profundus (C6–C3 parapophyses) of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027). B, short moment arm of m. longissimus capitis superficialis for neck plus head dorsiflexion. C, paroccipital process insertions and moment arms of m. longissimus capitis superficialis on Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506). D, basioccipital insertions and moment arms of m. longissimus capitis profundus on Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506; the specimen is incomplete and the images are partly mirrored).
Figure 16 in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of major neck muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex in dorsal view. A–C represent successively deeper layers, and other conventions are as in Figure 15. M. complexus inserts dorsally on the squamosal, and m. iliocostalis capitis inserts along the ventral edge of the paroccipital process. M. longissimus capitis superficialis inserts between these on the lateral edge of the paroccipital process. In C a probable lateral part of m. spinalis capitis is signified by a '?'.
Figure 11. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 11. A, origins (dark shapes) and insertions (lighter outlined shapes) of mm. intertransversarii aponeuroses on posterior cervical vertebrae of Struthio camelus. Origins are from anterior faces of lateral tubercles, and insertions are onto posterior projections of the lateral tubercles. Arrows represent lines of action whereby insertions are drawn towards the origins to effect intervertebral lateroflexion. B, origins (dark) and insertions (lighter) of mm. inclusii on posterior cervical vertebrae of Struthio camelus. Origins are from anterior faces of the costal processes, and insertions are onto the lateral and dorsolateral tubercles. Arrows represent lines of action whereby insertions are drawn towards the origins. C, origins (dark-filled shapes) and insertions (light-filled shapes) of lateral portions of mm. intertransversarii in Caiman crocodylus. Arrows represent lines of action from origin to insertion, by which the muscles would lateroflex the anterior vertebra of each pair relative to the posterior one.
Figure 9. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 9. A, insertions of (dark grey) m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis onto anterior cervical epipophyses of Haliaeetus leucocephalus. B, schematic origin (light grey) of m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis, from cervicodorsal region of Struthio camelus. C, schematic origins (dark grey) of m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis from epipophyses (processes dorsales) of posterior cervicals in Struthio camelus. Slips from these origins coalasce with the main belly of the muscle, as demarcated by the light-shaded lines. The main belly of the muscle continues dorsally. D, schematic origin and insertions of m. longus colli dorsalis pars caudalis. This muscle subsystem originates from the cervicodorsal region and sends multiple bellies to insert on posterior cervical epipophyses. E, origins of m. longissimus cervicis/m interarticulares of Caiman crocodylus. The gradient-filled slips represent association of origins with the fascia surrounding the muscles. F, anteriormost insertions (dark grey) of m. longissimus cervicis/m. interarticulares, and m. transversospinalis cervicis, of Caiman crocodylus.
Figure 10. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 10. A, several muscles of Pelicanus occidentalis, disseted in lateral view. Abbreviations are as in the main text. Several slips of m. rectus capitis dorsalis (m. r.c.d.) converge ventrally, towards tendinous insertions on the basioccipital tuberosities. M. complexus has an unusual lateral, tendinous insertion. B, posterolateral view of m. longissimus capitis superficialis (outlined in dark grey) of Alligator mississippiensis. The posterior origin and the insertion are tendinous. M. iliocostallis capitis (m. il. cap.) is depicted, and m. constrictor colli has not been dissected away. The neck is slightly dorsiflexed in this view.
Figure 12. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 12. A, origins of m. rectus capitis lateralis (m. r.c.l.) and rectus capitis ventralis (m. r.c.v.) of Corvus brachyrhynchos, from C2 prosessus ventralis. B, all origins of m. r.c.v. from anterior cervicals of another specimen of Corvus brachyrhynchos, and its m. rectus capitis lateralis origin from C2. Both images are ventrolateral views. C, ventrolateral view of m. rectus capitis ventralis (with light outline) of Falco columbarius.
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